Effects of American media on legal and social barriers to globalization

Introduction Globalization is the increased global economic, people and cultural relationship. It may also be viewed as global distribution of services and goods production. There are several barriers to globalization, but they are mainly determined by respective regions, for instance, social and legal barriers among others.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of American media on legal and social barriers to globalization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper discusses the effects of American media on social and legal barriers to globalization. Furthermore, it highlights resistance to globalization and its nature. Moreover, it also highlights factors that cause resistance to globalization among Muslim dominated regions, for instance, Middle East. American media positively influences globalization leading to controlled resistance to globalization in Muslim dominated areas. Globalization leads to effecti ve coordination of resources from different regions hence effective production growth in the global industries. It also leads to exchange of knowledge and ideas. American media plays an important role in globalization being the nation with one of the strongest economies globally (Arango, 2008). However, American role in globalization is greatly affected by social and legal barriers to globalization in certain areas especially Muslim dominated areas. Legal procedures and social values differ in different areas leading to legal and social barriers to globalization. Legal procedures and social values of certain communities in the globe support globalization while others hinder globalization (Murphy, 2007). Despite differentials in social values and legal procedures in different areas or regions, American media plays an important role in trying to create a fair environment for globalization in all regions irrespective of their social and legal barriers to globalization through promotion of their cultures and values. American media have greatly assisted in harmonizing social values and legal procedures through entertainment among others (Murphy, 2007). There are several regions that American media have played a great role in globalization by positively countering legal and social barriers to globalization, for instance, the Muslim world. After the September 11th attack in the United States, and attack on Iraq by United States soldiers due to al-Qaida connection with the country, Muslim perception of the United States changed negatively and perceived United States as a Muslim enemy (Arango, 2008). However, the American media have greatly played a role in promoting globalization through its values and cultures incorporated in entertainment and movies among other Medias. American media have effectively countered social barriers to globalization in the Muslim world through its entertainment and movie industry leading to acceptance of globalization by the region. Social ly, the region does not embrace globalization because they fear it can ruin their cultural values (Arango, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Basically, countries in the Middle East resist globalization because they fear control by the United States due to their perception and relation with the country. The resistance is generally based on their perception of the United States and not globalization itself. Furthermore, most Muslim regions and nations believe that globalization might lead to direct interaction with the United States yet they consider it their enemy hence the strong resistance (Arango, 2008). However, resistance to globalization by the Muslim community is not due to the nature of globalization and its negative effects as may be alleged, but their perception of the United States and fear of direct relation with the country due to globalization. Therefore, resis tance to globalization by the region is not genuine in relation to the effects of globalization, but the media have played a great role in countering the social barrier to globalization in the region hence promoting it to the expense of the barrier (Murphy, 2007). Resistance to globalization by the region is negative because it may negatively affect the region economically and or socially. Generally, globalization opens up trade and allows sharing of resources through trade and world market. Furthermore, it also promotes technological status of different countries leading to adoption of better production methods. It also improves economies of countries that embrace it because it increases economic activities leading to economic growth and development (Arango, 2008). However, resistance of globalization hinders increment of economic activities, and may lead to slow economic growth and or economic inferiority due to lack of effective and modern production methods. Resistance to global ization by the region, especially the Middle East, being a Muslim dominated area may negatively affect economic growth and development of the region (Murphy, 2007). Resistance to globalization by the region may also affect it negatively socially. Globalization not only improves economic status, but also social well being of the globe and peaceful coexistence. Resisting globalization may hinder peaceful coexistence with the rest of the global community due to lack of understanding of the other communities and their values. It may also affect interaction between the region and the global community hence ends up in isolation. Furthermore, globalization promotes communal existence, but resistance may lead to isolation from the global community union. Therefore, resistance to globalization may not only affect the region economically, but socially too negatively (Arango, 2008). Conclusion Globalization leads to peaceful coexistence and even economic development. It also leads to sharing o f resources. There are barriers to effective globalization, for instance, social and legal barriers among others. However, American media have played a great role in controlling effects of the social and legal barriers to globalization leading to effective globalization in the globe irrespective of the region and their perception of American people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of American media on legal and social barriers to globalization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Arango, T. (2008, November 30). World Falls for American Media, Even as It Sours on America. Retrieved from New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/01/business/media/01soft.html Murphy, P. D. (2007). Media and Democracy in the age of Globalization. Albany: State University of New York Press. This essay on Effects of American media on legal and social barriers to globalization was written and submitted by user Soft Raven to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The eNotes Blog Dear Professor Einstein

Dear Professor Einstein As arguably the most important intellectual of his time, Albert Einstein exchanged letters with powerful contemporaries: fellow scientists, heads of state, dignitaries, philosophers. But what most might not know is that he also corresponded with children around the world.   Thats rightcurious children would write and Einstein would reply, even at the height of his career and influence. Their letters back and forth are touching, honest, often hilarious but also poignant, thanks to the tone Einstein took with every note, never talking down to the children. A selection of these can be found in the book Dear Professor Einstein: Albert Einsteins Letters to and from Children, as well as a sprinkling below. In a 1920 response to the question of what he looked like, Einstein wrote Let me tell you what I look like: pale face, long hair, and a tiny beginning of a paunch. In addition, an awkward gait, and a cigar in the mouth †¦ and a pen in pocket or hand. But crooked legs and warts he does not have, and so is quite handsome – also no hair on his hands as is so often found with ugly men. In 1943, a young girl wrote to Einstein about her difficulties with mathematics in school. He encouragingly replied Do not worry about your difficulties in Mathematics. I can assure you mine are still greater. Best regards Professor Albert Einstein. He also kept the 1951 letter of an brutally honest six year-old: I saw your picture in the paper. I think you ought to have a haircut, so you can look better. And in some special cases, Einstein enjoyed an ongoing correspondence with his young admirers. In 1946 a bright young South African girl named Tyfanny wrote to the professor about her wish to one day become a scientist. Sadly, though, she counts her gender as an impediment: I forgot to tell you, in my last letter, that I was a girl. I mean I am a girl. I have always regretted this a great deal, but by now I have become more or less resigned to the fact. Anyway, I hate dresses and dances and all the kind of rot girls usually like. I much prefer horses and riding. Long ago, before I wanted to become a scientist, I wanted to b e a jockey and ride horses in races. But that was ages ago, now. I hope you will not think any the less of me for being a girl! To which Einstein replied with the best advice of all, I do not mind that you are a girl, but the main thing is that you yourself do not mind. There is no reason for it.

How sex, gender, and race are all social constructs Essay

How sex, gender, and race are all social constructs - Essay Example A critical analysis of her argument is presented in this paper. My stand here is that I agree with Dr. Warnke that race or ethnicity is a social construct, but I totally disagree with her that sex and gender are social constructs. To start with, it is important to put forward the difference between sex and gender. The two terms have different meaning and the meaning of each borrows from different theories characteristic of feminist theories. The term sex refers to male or female based on biological features. On the other hand, the term gender denotes men and women as defined by social factors. However the extent to which the society meets its definition for gender is based on diverse and dynamic considerations, such that gender aspects will vary from one society to another (Warnke 156). Natural or biological treatment characterizes the analysis of these two terms. That is, sex and gender. From gender and sexual studies videos, all persons are categorized to both sex and gender. Also, that is the same case with race or ethnicity. People actually pass as members of a given category. For instance, actors in any given piece of art may take a given character that depicts belonging to a certain race or ethnicity. On the same note, it very hard to come by an actor who will take on the role a different sex or gender different from which he or she is in actual sense. The only time this happens is when such pieces of work are meant to portray transgender motives or situations or in the event that such works need to present a sense of humor. When such an observation is made, it is important to note that the observation is temporary and therefore does not last for long. The motive by which the observation is made is only confirmed or evidenced with such observed scenario. What this shows is that people or the entire human race will identify itself with a given social organized group; that is, a race or ethnic group, but rarely will the same people practice transgender role s. Therefore, sex and gender fails to be integrated as a social construct as presented by Dr. Warnke. However, race or ethnicity as a social construct is in line with her claims (Warnke 178). To a more analysis of the claims of Dr.Warnke, gender as a social construct may hold true only if she provides enough evidence. Although at many instances gender is more tailored towards being a social construct, Warnke fails to integrate her claim into evidence that properly asserts her claims. As a result, this paper seeks to disagree with her opinion and claims. The integral assumptions and argument in that case elicit doubt and skepticism, and therefore her conclusions about race, sex and gender cannot be upheld. People are born and integrated into specific social settings, thereby determining their ethnic and racial backgrounds. These people are born either male or female or hermaphrodites by sex and the gender aspect of it sprouts out of the fact that they are male or female. Dr. Warnke a rgues that it is the society that builds up the gender side of human race and ethnicity, but fails to provide sufficient evidence to this claim. There are varied believes developed by the society based on male-female and sex-gender roles, but all that is basically based on whether one is male or female. Further to this treatment, the

Management of Information Systems Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management of Information Systems Change - Essay Example As a key component of the business changes, Information Systems also plays a predominant role in the development of the business. Right from the information flow at internal end, to end-user levels, a lot of attention is required all through. Over a period of time a lot of dramatic and dynamic changes were envisaged in the way the information systems of many businesses transformed. In the earlier decades, Information Systems and usage of advanced technologies use to be a sophisticated development for the companies and were used by only well -established companies. But in the recent past, due to the growing competition and the advancement of technologies added to increased customer expectations of better and speedy services demanded almost all the companies of the globe to work towards reengineering the process of management and the business acumen. In business, Information Systems not only facilitates the basic processes or operations but also supports the decision making process of the Management. Bottom line management or the value maximization which is an ultimate objective of any business management precludes the effectiveness of the Information Systems used by the business. ... Observation of key aspects A detailed approach to any issue or the topic can help in gaining deeper insights. However to work on the dissertation of industry issues, a lot of ground work on the contemporary issues is needed. However when working on the key aspects, much attention has to be paid not only to the fundamental factors involved but also to the issues which are to be correlated to the same. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. The key aspect of any academic study is to deeply acknowledge the objectives of the study. The objective of this paper is to understand the role of Information systems and the new technologies in creating new ways of doing business and the strategic issues related to the same. In order to meet this objective, the role of Information Systems in today's business process is studied along with acknowledging the introduction/implementation of advanced technologies into the business processes. The technical approach to the managerial functions and the managerial approach to the technical aspects of the business process play a crucial role in understanding the scope for developing the business process and its life cycle. As a part of the study, many industrial verticals like telecom, Logistics, Supply Chain Management, Travel & Tourism, Manufacturing and Service sectors were also substantially researched and the key developments in these sectors are observed. Also the role of Information Systems and the impact driven by them on the way the business prevailed along with the current scenario were also discussed. Management information Systems - A Review Management Information

Emerging Business Opportunities at IBM Case Study

Emerging Business Opportunities at IBM - Case Study Example They did this through identifying hindrances that prevented the company from growing from where they could workout possible solutions, which would assist the company to get back to its feet. There was need for radical changes, and for introduction of a strategy that would allow the company to systematically adopt the new measures that would ensure the growth of the company. Through a series of deliberate measures to check on the problematic issues within the company and efforts to change the dumb situation, IBM managed to get positive results for their efforts, since their sales gained momentum and they felt that they were in the right track. The greatest or umbrella concern here was the growth of the emerging businesses hence it became necessary to come up with strategies that could handle the issue of the emerging businesses, and ensure that their growth would be experienced and sustained to the reach the profit making level. The essay below is an analysis that shows the trend adopted by IBM to regain footage in the computer industry. The greatest issue that concerns the growth of large business units like IBM through creation of new businesses is the rigidity of structural creations of leadership within the companies. This is achieved through development of practices that only act negatively to their growth often leading to the stagnation in growth of the companies. Another reason that can account for lack of creation of new businesses is preoccupation with existing markets and the products offered thus concentrate much on the performance of existing system and overlook the possibility of creating new businesses to expand the existing system. This problem also blindens the company to possible new opportunities in the market (Pugh 2001p36). Development of systems that encourage attainment of short term results through insisting on the near-term performance of the specified short term goals is a barrier to the success of the big companies like IBM. Meeting of the specified goals discourages the leadership from taking challenges of better things to engage in as their performance within stated confinements are recognized and rewarded. Presence of rigid bureaucracies that often delay or steps into the way of development of new business marks the other problem hindering development of new businesses. This happens when an attractive opportunity is cited but has to be approved by a number of leaders before it can be implemented. Some of the leaders, might for some reasons, be opposed to this new development then fail to approve of them, thus forcing the company to discard the issue. Lack of a deliberate strategy for encouraging development of new businesses is another barrier. Development of new strategies might entail the need to encourage spotting opportunities, experimentalism, funding the opportunities among others. A case scenario of IBM can illustrate this. IBM would diligently fund existing businesses, and then fail to sponsor ideas for new businesses, fail to give them attention and cut them off from budgets when funding was hurdled. Biased information gathering for evaluation and decision making is another barrier. The biased system of information gathering means information gathered is necessarily biased as well

Domestic Violence in Cambodia in the present day

Domestic Violence in Cambodia in the present day Although there are a lot of forms of human rights violation in Cambodia, domestic violence seems to be one of the hottest problems that everyone has been carefully aware of. What is domestic violence? Domestic violence refers to a pattern of abusive behaviors toward any single person at any age. There are five main categories of domestic violence such as physical, sexual, emotional, verbal, and economic violence. Physical abuse includes hitting, kicking, slapping, or other physical threats which cause pain or injury on the victims body while sexual abuse refers to situation which abuser uses force to make a victim involve in unwanted sexual activity. The force sex which is abused by spouse, intimate partner, or somebody else also can be counted as sexual aggression. Emotional can include any kind of actions that harm victims feeling in a negative way, control victims freedom, and humiliate or make shame on the victim privately and publicly; it is any type of behavior that threatens o r attack somebody mentally. Meanwhile, verbal abuse is a behavior that abuser use abusive language toward a victim while economic abuse is the situation that abuser control over victims money or resources. There are many empirical evidences shown that the violence always exists in Cambodia in all pattern of aggression which can suspend and hinder the development, prosperity, and harmony in the country; thus, it is one of most challenging problems that Cambodia is facing nowadays. Therefore, in order to solve the problem effectively and fruitfully, we need to deeply understand the root of the matter, the result of the matter, and the suggested or satisfied solution in todays event. Today gender roles in Cambodia are severe issues that people should pay full attention to since men have dominated in almost significant roles in the society while Cambodian women are traditionally treated as inferior and physically and mentally suffered from the dominances. Meanwhile, people including the dominances and the victims do not exactly why such things happen in their lives which desperately affect to the whole community. Also, without understanding the real sources, no one cannot find good solution and make everything better; therefore, in order to eliminate domestic violence in Cambodia, we need to understand to two basic causes, historical events and harmful tradition. Significantly, in order to understand the grass rooting ideas why the number of domestic violence has been growing, we need to take a close look at some important historical events in Cambodia. Over the course of the last thirty years, Cambodia has experienced the most dreadful tragedy which has impacted on Cambodian society until today. Between 1975 and 1979, Cambodia was under the Communist Party of Kampuchea, so called Khmer Rouge, who carried out war crimes, genocide, and other crimes against humanity. This nightmare has physically left Cambodian deep scar, and it has affected most of the victims with mental illnesses like easy to get angry or nervous; it may make people follow what they had experienced badly like using verbal, economic, physical, emotional, and economic abuse, or by threatening and controlling victims freedom since those pain and horror is buried deep down inside their agonizing hearts. Therefore, these kinds of illnesses may lead them to use violence because th e brutal images are recorded in their memory. As a result, since women are defenseless, usually they become the secondary victims of those aggressive survivors. Besides, harmful tradition can lead to have domestic violence. In all societies including Cambodia, people have various values and ideas which cause people own different perspective on womens roles from one generation to another, and these traditional concepts view that females are weak and gentle or inferior. Unlike females, males are strong and powerful and can do whatever they want. Men in Cambodia usually are breadwinners, and they believe that their roles are so important; thus, they use their power to dominate over the helpless women in the family. Besides, domestic violence has largely gone unchecked in Cambodia, where cultural norms dictate that relations between husband and wife are internal affairs. According to LICADHO, surveys conducted in 2000 have shown that one-in-six women have been beaten by their husbands, and one-in-four have suffered physical, sexual or emotional abuse from their husbands. Additionally, still in some rural areas, women are injected with the outdat ed belief that they are not allowed to fight back their husbands, or they will be counted as bad women. Furthermore, womens honor is very essential to each family. For example, if unmarried woman does something wrong that brings bad reputation to the family and get caught by relatives or neighbors, mostly there will be nobody to marry her. This condition results in emotional abuse directly to that woman and indirectly to her family. Acid attacks. In short, historical events and harmful tradition are the two main cores that result in domestic violence in Cambodia. We, Cambodians, should understand the core of the problems and help eliminate this matter from our society; otherwise, this issue will constrain the development of our country. Most men in Cambodia think that they are everything in the society and tempt to think that women are nothing in the society since women cannot help or play big roles in countrys development, so men treat women badly; however, those brutish men never realize that they are the ones who hinder their own countrys development because of their nonsense attitudes and thinking. Therefore, in order to be clearer why such violence hinder Cambodian development, we have look at three main consequences such as human development goal, physical and psychological health, and the direct and indirect victims present and future life. Initially, hampering human development goal is a serious effect which can make Cambodian society collapse. As everyone starts to recognize that one country can fully reach her potential unless there is an acceptance of womens capacity involving in the society. According to UNICEF, data on the social, economic and health costs of violence prove that violence against women interrupts improvement towards human and economic development. The participation of women has become an influential key in every social development programs including Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), for they can help numerous things in dealing with poverty alleviation. For example, though men are the breadwinners, who go out and make money, they can do nothing if they do not have women at home help them in dealing with housework and make things in the family go smoothly and properly, and that helps their family economy works well. Moreover, while those breadwinners are busy working outside, they do not have much time for their childrens study and behavior, so they need women at home to help provide good education and advice. As a result, when those children gain good education from both at home and school, in the future there will be more and more substantial human resources for their countrys development. Unfortunately, when there is lack of womens involvement and participation, Cambodia may deteriorate the human capital of half their population. For example, if we compare two families that are in the same class, we can understand that one family who has only one man to make money get less income than another family who has both a man and a woman go out to make money. To sum up, if there is a high commitment to gender equality Cambodia by eliminating all forms of domestic violence, there will be a push in human and economic development in the near future. Besides, what is worse is that such violence causes women physical and psychological health. According to LICADHO, there is an increasing rate of maternal and mentality, for many studies and cases especially in rural areas have revealed high levels of violence during pregnancy resulting in risk to the health of both mother and unborn baby. Also, some worse cases have proved that domestic violence can result in the death of women murdered by their partners. In addition, having been rape or having sexual assaults, women may feel unwanted pregnancies and dangerously seek to have illegal abortion services. It is very dangerous for women especially in rural areas where there is no health care center or maybe that center locates far from their villages. Additionally, women who are being raped are not able to use contraception; thus, they are at risk of being infected by sexual diseases including HIV/Aids. Additionally, the violence does not only injure the victims physical health but also mental health. For instance, having been raped experienced of sexual violence, some women are depressed and also demeaned by abuser, and so they may think that there is no way to escape from such relationship except committing suicide. This just creates more and more problems to the community. Finally, the violence can directly and indirectly impact on the victims negatively who have witnessed the abusive scene, and those mostly are innocent children. The children who have witnessed domestic violence or have themselves been abused may have health and behavior problems. At school they may naturally feel embarrassed and find it hard to make any close friends or try to isolate themselves from outsiders. Gradually, they may become less and less social-able. Furthermore, what can be worse and more harmful to the whole society is when the girls (can be boys) victims have sexually abused in their childhood which can wound their heart and lead them to engage in risky yet practical behavior such as early sexual intercourse or getting revenge by abusing other girls like what they have experienced. To sum up, these are the substandard impacts of local violence in Cambodia, so both civilian and government should notice the problems and start some effective actions in order to stop it. These serious effects absolutely disrupt the expansion of countrys potential. Simultaneously, in order to take actions effectively, while the government involve in solving the problem by finding good mechanisms and supporting NGOs, people especially men and conservative people should try to reduce or eliminate their traditional views on the matter. Domestic violence has caused number of very negative impacts to both victims and a whole community, so there should be suitable solutions to respond to such harmful difficulties; meanwhile, we have to aware of our countrys condition, culture, and perception since we cannot change peoples believes in one day and since domestic violence has been rooted deep down in Cambodian society; it may take longer time to counter this matter. Also, there should be different keys based on in each case of the matter whereas solutions should be for both victims and abusers. Consequently, not only government needs to respond to the problem, but also civilians must interact into this matter. The followings are some key suggested solutions that can be effective for dealing with domestic violence in Cambodia. One of an effective implementation is to have law enforcement which can be a useful mechanism to respond the domestic violence. According to the Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia, the Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence and the Protection of Victims, which was passed by the National Assembly on 16 September 2005, was approved by the Senate on its total form and objective on 29 September 2005. A part from preventing domestic violence, it helps protect the victims and strengthen the culture of non-violence and the harmony in society in Cambodia. In article 9, the authority in charge has duty to intervene in the action in order to prevent the victim on time, and if the case is serious, the authority can request for warrant to imprison the perpetrator or bring him to court. Besides, when the violence happening, the neighbors or the family members must immediately report to the authority, but if the case is getting worse and the authority cannot arrive at the scene on time, t he neighbors should help stop the perpetrating; otherwise, the victims may badly injure or may not survive. Meanwhile, the neighbors or the family members should take the victims children away from the scene and help comfort them to feel relieve and make them feel being less influenced. This may be effective to make the situation and the children less being affected. In addition, More importantly, education, dissemination, and training program can be a good tool to deal with this violence. Despite the fact that this solution can be found in Chapter 6, article 33, stating that state should pay attention to educating and disseminating this law in order to make people understand respect to this law; in contrary, in real practice government or ministry in charge has played not so many roles regarding to this action. It seems that most actions are implemented by NGOs who can provide citizens further education relating to the issue. For instance, European Commission based in Cambodia has raised the awareness of the womens roles, rights, and representations in social and political affairs. As a result, over 3,700 women and men have confirmed that they have gained more knowledge through these grassroots activities about their rights; hence, women are able to exercise their rights more effectively in social and political participation. Moreover, by responding to the m atter, there have been advertising or movie broadcasting on TV to help people understand more and influence peoples mind to change their traditional views on womens role and other surrounding impact concerning to the issue. For example, the Asia Foundations Global Women in Politics (GWIP) program supported street theater productions raising awareness about violence against womens rights in Cambodia society. As we know that visual effect may be more effective than any other kinds of material. Furthermore, when civilians get the knowledge of this concern, they should spread or share what they know to their family, neighbors, villagers, friends, or people they know; consequently, more and more people will aware of this matter. Therefore, gradually peoples traditional perception will change, and this violence can be successfully eliminated. Besides dealing the issue with the abuse, we should deal and help the victims as well. When it comes to solutions for domestic violence, the most important thing to understand is, if it isnt getting better, its getting worse.   If the violent person is promising to change but never does anything about that promise, the victim herself and also her children should get out of the environment, if the violence includes more than just verbal abuse, the victims should make sure the abuser cant find them or the children for the sake of their safety.   There are several organizations such as LICADO and ADHOC which can help the victims, so she should go and ask for help. Those can put her in touch with local centers and sources for help.   If the abuse includes serious mental or emotional abuse or any form of physical abuse, the victims must report this to the police so she, the children and the abuser can get help.   In case, domestic violence abusers, who are not under control from g etting professional help, will not stop, they will only get worse, so the only way to help them is by forcing them through the law to confront their problem and get the help they need.  Ã‚   Besides, education can reduce the level of problem from getting worse. It is the family which is principally responsible for building the character of individuals, and it is in functioning families that feelings of self-worth, respect for others and conflict resolution skills are developed. It is thus vital that support is given to families to enable them to nurture these qualities which, if not developed in the early, formative years, are very hard to instill later. Both education at school and home are essentially important for our community. Besides, education at school or outside is also important to raise the awareness of domestic violence. The education should promote morality and values of womens role in society as well as promote the culture of peace and love in our society to eliminate all kinds of violence. More importantly, in order to completely eliminate this matter, Cambodia should fully adopt democracy peace theory. Democracy calls for culture of tolerance, cooperation, negotiation, and non-conflict resolution, and it also promotes human rights and prioritizes people. Thus, Cambodian citizens can fully be injected with these ideas under the concepts of this theory which seeks individual to understand and respect each other; Cambodia will be a domestic-violence free country. In conclusion, when government, private actors, and civilians together implement these effective actions, someday domestic violence will successfully be eliminated. Then Cambodias development will be pushed forward rapidly. As a result, when such problem is disappeared, development, prosperity, and harmony will be reached profoundly. In my opinion, if Cambodia becomes a fully democratic country, all kinds of violence and conflicts will be fade away like smoke into the air while every single citizen may enjoy and live happily with harmony and prosperity.

Race & Ethnicity in Social Sciences Essay

Defining identity can be complex and therefore we have to investigate the factors involved that make us who we are and how we are seen by others, collectively or individually. Social scientists have to consider the key elements which shape identity, the importance of social structures and agency involved. The differences and/or similarities between us are the focus that categorise and label us in society. Knowing who we are is important for many reasons including, social rights, obtaining a passport, housing, health, employment, marriage, and over all, being able to ascertain who we are, and belong. The terms ? race’ and ? ethnicity’ are central features in the process of categorisation. ?Racial’ or ? Ethnic’ identifications are produced as part of a social process, which is dynamic and changing. Therefore we know that identities are not static and terms such as ? race’ and ? ethnicity’ cannot cover the changing categories without being dynamic terms themselves. The use of quotation marks with these terms is adopted to emphasise that the terms are broad terms and aim to avoid discrimination or misrepresentation of groups under the umbrella term.? Race’ is commonly used by media and society to portray the physical differences between people, however, social scientists choose to show that the term does not refer to exact biological differences, is stereotypical, and the quotation marks emphasise the concept as more of an assumption which has political implications. The term is socially constructed and therefore does serve an essential purpose in society as it has real affects and associations. The term ?ethnicity’ refers to cultural practices and history, such as religion, language and territory, where a person or a group derives from, summarising their beliefs and traditions, therefore, ethnicity applies to everyone, necessitating the birth of terms ? minority ethnic group’ and ? majority ethnic group’ (Questioning Identity, Ch 4, P124, section 2. 3) to subcategorise identities in relation to ethnicity. Social scientists use quotation marks around these terms to signify that the blanket term does not distinguish between personal and social identity, but acts mainly as a collective identity concept. For example, identification on a British passport may categorise the holder as being ? British’ although they may be Scottish/Chinese. Social scientists prefer to call UK society a ? multi-ethnic† society. These subgroup identities highlight the relational factors which exist in categorising identity, each requiring the other in order to make the comparison between ethnic differences, power and status. Racialization and Ethnicization are preferred concepts as they contribute more to the idea that the identities we adopt are part of a process and are not static, referring to a dynamic process rather than a fixed state. Categorisations from the 1970’s onwards, such as the definition of ? black’ or ? white’, were too vague, and failed to recognise the specific needs of other ethnic minorities. In order to monitor and measure statistically the discrimination and underachievement of such groups, collecting ? ethnic’ statistics in relation to ? race’ and ? ethnicity’ was necessary and these can be found in official government censuses. Over the years it became apparent that categorisation of ethnic groups in the censuses rendered some groups ? invisible’ (Questioning Identity, ch 4, p 137, section 4. 1. 1), for example Irish and Welsh. The category of ? white’ has had to be expanded into subcategories as the ? white’ grouping classification remained singular within the censuses until 2001, and ethnicization of ? whites’ was too generalised. (â€Å"Questioning Identity: Kath Woodward ch. 4 p138 – Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, 1991) These amendments show us that there have been changes in ethnic representation and that there is more awareness regarding ethnic identities and needs. The sub-categorisation of ethnic identities is used in everyday life such as in the media, job applications and insurance documents. The importance of the emergence of new and changing identities in a multi-ethnic society has led to uncertainties about what it means to be ? British’. In the 1980’s for example, the Commission for Racial Equality sponsored research into the claims by Irish ethnic groups making claims that they were discriminated against by public and private agencies as their ? invisibility’ misrepresented their particular needs. (Questioning Identity: Kath Woodward, ch. 4, p145). The 1960’s â€Å"Black is Beautiful† movement (Questioning Identity: Kath Woodward, ch4, 2. 2, p118) campaigned the category of ?black’, inclusive of Asians and any other non-white groups, as inappropriate and too wide an assumption. Collective group action and social creativity disputed the terminology of ? black’ and involved a struggle to alter the social meaning of blackness, as opposed to the more ? powerful’ ethnic majority status of being ? white’. This redefined black social status and proved that black identities were not fixed but dynamic, changing from a term with connotations of disrespect, to one of pride, proving identities are collective and political as well as individual and relational, â€Å"Whiteness is used as an invisible marker against which other ?ethnicities’ are judged† (Kath Woodward, Questioning Identity, Ch 4, p 136, Section 4. 1). REFERENCES DD 121, Questioning Identity: gender, class, ethnicity. Kath Woodward, The Open University, Routledge, 2004. DD121, Workbook 1, Norma Sherratt, David Goldblatt, Maureen Mackintosh and Kath Woodward, The Open University, Routledge, 2004. DD121, Block 1, The Open University, TV02 Defining Moments DD121, Block 1, Audio 2, The Open University, Audio 3A DD121, Block 1, Audio 2, The Open University, Audio 3B.