The loss of China to communism in 1949 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The loss of China to communism in 1949 - Essay Example immediate needs of denying Republicans political advantage.4 There is ample evidence however to denote that the Nationalist forces after years of corruption and misgovernance had lost the initiative in the country. The Nationalists lacked popular support, suffered from poor morale and a corrupt leadership. The Americans supported Chiang who had lost considerable status as a national leader and the Nationalist Army was no match to the Communists due to break down of a will to fight. The Communists on the other hand could impose discipline and win over the people. The internal balance had thus shifted strongly in their favor. There is evidence of lack of deep rooted perception of the internal political, social and military dynamics of China within the United States which may have added to the hostility felt by the Chinese towards outside powers. Dean Acheson does reflect an understanding of the difficulty of imposing policies on the Chinese on more than one occasion.5 American fault thus lay in attempting to inflict a different culture on an old and proud civilization from above.6 A corollary to the same is the antipathy towards US policy makers which arose from these cultural differences which in turn created personal animosities particularly between Stillwell and Chiang during the Great War.7 This had sown grave feelings of distrust in the Chinese thus neither Hurley nor Marshall could induce Chiang to reconcile with the Communists reflecting the failure of US diplomacy to achieve the desired ends in national interest. Conclusion Given the emerging global political dynamics and the need to control the spread of Communism in 1945, the US could have ill afforded to be isolationist. Particularly so when Britain the other great Western power of the time had... The loss of China to communism in 1949 The initial criticism of US policies leading to loss of China came from the Republicans who were in the opposition in 1949. The failure to provide sustained assistance to the Nationalists was the main accusation. Dean Acheson, the then Secretary of State authoritatively brings out that there was no deficiency of arms or ammunition available to the Nationalist Army in the critical year of 1948. However it is noticed that active mediation between the two antagonists, through its Ambassadors, Hurley and Marshal failed to evoke a positive response, in bringing the Communists and the Nationalists to a negotiable agreement of power sharing. The White Paper published by the US Government in 1949 indicated that Nationalist forces had been defeated due to intrinsic factors such as loss of confidence in leadership, corruption and the will to win. The Western powers were also inhibited in achieving a positive impact due to the traditional antipathy in the Chinese against aliens who dabbled in their internal polity. The issue of loss of China arose in the US immediately after the Nationalist forces were forced to retreat to Formosa. The Republicans attempted to gain political mileage and the Democratic Government had to undertake immediate damage control. Given the emerging global political dynamics and the need to control the spread of Communism in 1945, the US could have ill afforded to be isolationist. Particularly so when Britain the other great Western power of the time had already lost the initiative and was primarily engaged in keeping the faith of America during the 1940’s through symbolic diplomacy.

High School Graduation Essay Example for Free

High School Graduation Essay Throughout life people go through so many hardships. Whether it be good or bad there is always something that comes out of the situation. One of the most exciting but yet scariest events would be graduation. So it was the day before graduation and we were having our graduation practice. Standing outside in the line alphabetical order me and classmates talked and waited for practice to start. The sun was beating down, the smell of fresh cut grass filled out our nose. We were all just ready to get it over with. Sitting talking with my classmates discussing our future plans. Debating whether or not we will miss high school, but knowing we will definitely miss each other. So finally it came to practice walking across the stage, so the assistant principle called my name and shook my hand and handed me my mini diploma. Then it finally hit me like a speeding express train, I was about to graduate. May 18th 2012, finally it was here the day of my commencement. I can almost remember that day like it was yesterday, I awoke like on any other school day. That day was crazy, I was running errands and preparing for my graduation and after party. So the time had come for me to put on my blue and gold cap and gown with my gold cords which I had worked so hard for. I had so much sense of pride at the moment all I needed was my diploma in my hand. So the final moment had come and it was time to walk the field. The music stared and we proceeded to walk down the field to our seats. Glancing out at the packed stands I could see my family and friends. While waiting for my name to be called, I reminisced on all the good times I’ve had in high school and all the friendships I’ve made. Finally my row was directed to get up and proceed to the stage and my heart was racing. Thinking it was finally over, no more high school. I hear my name called and I hear all of my family and friends screaming and clapping for me and it made everything I had done to achieve the diploma my principle handed me after shaking my hand. As I was walking back to my seat with my diploma I was envisioning that I had just closed one chapter to my life and I was excited to embark or my next journey. Graduation is an exciting time in a person’s life, especially a high school graduation. When I think of family and friends gathering together to celebrate a joyous occasion, I feel I accomplished my strongest goal. It never occurred to me that graduation would be the end of my youth and the start of adulthood. Graduating from high school was an influential event that gave me a new outlook on life.

Essay --

In my opinion I ranked the seven social sciences according to what I believed it was important and has the most influence on the people in a modern society. My first ranked for the seven social sciences is Psychology then Sociology, Political science, History, Economics, Anthropology and last Geography. Geography is the study of the physical features of the earth and its atmosphere, and of human activity as it affects and is affected by it, including the distribution of populations and resources, land use, and industries. Environmental influences, such as cost, changing weather, climate patterns, their potential impacts, and the threat of spreading diseases, are of increasing concern. Geography allows us to participate and enjoy our planet. It gives us a sense of reference to where we live and where we may be going in relationship to where we have been, and the appreciation of the world we live in. Anthropology is the study of human kind and culture, everybody wants to know where and how humans came to be. Our daily lives such as family, friends, co-workers and the under...

John Locke and Immanuel Kant Essay

We are here concerned with the relationship between the human mind, somatic-sensory perceptions, objects of perception, and claims of knowledge arising from their interaction, through the philosophies of John Locke and Immanuel Kant. Confounding the ability to find solid epistemological ground, philosophers have, generally speaking, debated whether ‘what’ we know is prima facie determined by the objective, as-they-are, characteristics of the external world 1(epistemological realism) or if the mind determines, as-it-is, the nature of objects through its own experiential deductions (epistemological idealism). The purpose of this paper is to use the synthetical approach of Immanuel Kant, who utilizes a logical schematization of cognition along with experience (transcendental idealism), in the attaining of knowledge, to criticize Locke’s claims against innate ideas, and subsequently, origin and attainment of knowledge. In the first part of this paper, I will explain the major differences which distinguish epistemological realism and idealism. This disambiguation of philosophical jargon is to allow the reader to understand why the debate exists, how it impacts what human’s claims as ‘knowledge’, and whether or not the debate has any contemporary philosophical importance. This last feature is a relevant aspect of the debate since ‘knowledge’ applies to a great many areas of human life, including, but not limited to, the sciences, morality and ethics, and aesthetics. In the second part of this paper, I will outline Kant’s idealism, otherwise known as, transcendental idealism. This section will lay out the terminology in Kant’s epistemology which will act as a backdrop for comparing and contrasting the theory of Locke. This section will also describe the foundation of Kant’s epistemological claims. As mentioned in the introduction, the mind, the somatic-sensory perceptions, and objects of perception are to be accounted for in the debate between idealism and realism. Thus, the second part of the paper will conclude with an understanding of how knowledge arises under the rubric of Kant’s transcendental idealism. The third part of this paper is then dedicated to providing an account of Lockean innate knowledge and its place in our epistemological enquiry. It is presumed that several deficiencies, to be discussed, are apparent in Locke’s epistemological realism without the use of innate ‘ideas’. These deficiencies, however, are percolated only in light of the Kantian juxtaposition for which this section serves the purpose. In the final part of this paper, I will conclude that while Locke’s epistemological theories h ave had a great influence on the progress of epistemology, especially as a critique against rationalism, the idea of no innate ideas impressed upon the mind prior to experience ultimately leads Lockean realism to base claims that all knowledge arises solely from experience as inexhaustively question-begging without Kant’s transcendentalism. Dealing with the problems of realism and idealism can be seen in humans as young as three years old. Although it may not be so apparent to parents at the time, when a child asks, â€Å"How do you know that? † they are challenging the method in which a person uses to ‘know’ what they know. However, children, like philosophers, might not be satisfied with the first answer and continue with a meta-inquiry: â€Å"How do you know that? † While this interrogative approach to understanding the world can be frustrating it does illuminate a particular problem in reasoning, generally. That is, at some point we are forced to answer, vacuously, â€Å"I know, because I know. † However, the persistent child philosopher can rebut with, â€Å"How do you know that you know? The problems intrinsic to the line of questioning above demonstrate a broad epistemological problem. To solve the problem philosophers have sought out ways in order to make ‘what we know’ or explaining ‘how we know’ a bit more reliable or certain. That is, to provide an answer to our inquisitive three year old that breaks the meta-inquiry of knowable certitude. Knowledge, however, is a little tricky because there is an identity problem between the world and the ideas, or tho ughts, in our minds. In making claims of knowledge we must presume certain things are true. To say that you know something assumes that you (1) believe the world represented in your mind is exactly as it is whether you perceive it or not and what we have to say about the world must correspond to the way the world is perceived, (2) the world gives us information about objects, which can be accurate, but our minds are the final decision makers about the nature of those objects which can lead to skepticism, or (3) there is nothing stable about the appearances of the world as presented to our minds, and what we know is solely the product of collective reflection, otherwise known as easoning. In the context of my thesis, it could be argued that if a set of instructions were provided, such as innate ideas in the mind, these three broad, epistemological viewpoints would be narrowed down to one. The first assumption, (1), is the philosophical position known, broadly, as epistemological realism. The second assumption, (2), is more of a dualism in that it is believed there is enough perceived objectivity in the world to have some certain knowledge of it, but it is still subjected to our experiential bias (intuition plays a more integral role in this doctrine). This is a kind of realism in that certain properties about the objects we perceive are unalterable or indisputable since they would retain those characteristics whether or not they are observed. The third position is epistemological idealism. This position holds, generally, that knowledge is not a product of the nature of objects, but instead, derived from the nature of the mind. In other words, the certainty of knowledge is granted through the nature of the mind found within the species deliberating over certain claims. As mentioned, the debate between idealism and realism does have, beyond satisfying the curiosity of toddlers, implications in other areas of philosophy. It is not the focus of this paper, but an example that illustrates potential problems is that of ethics and morality. In epistemological realism, it may be the case that certain acts produce pain in humans, but there is nothing, it is alleged, which a person can point to in the world that would verify this (kind of) pain as bad, good, rightly, wrongly imposed. In other words, epistemological realism holds that we can know facts about the way the world is because our mind is receptive and capable of reproducing them accurately in our minds, but it is another thing to try to extrapolate from these facts/experiences a particular value/meaning to attach to prescriptive claims. In the extreme case, an epistemological realist might claim that all rules of morality are completely made up and merely appeal to our feelings about facts, but we cannot know for certain. As for idealism, morality appears as a less problematic discourse since the very proprietor of knowledge is that which is arbitrating over moral disputes. However, the kind of facts and/or values which moral claims arise, for idealists, are of a strictly theoretical nature and can be said to carry as much empirical or logical certainty as those doubted in the case of realism. At best they are egocentric and/or egotistic. Even in contemporary debates, which diverge subtly from the philosophies this paper examines, the entailment of moral truths from realist or idealist doctrines remains unsolved. In some cases, such as Marxist philosophy, there can be a real confusion about which doctrine actually prevails. The Communist rule of Stalin and Mao is arguably a perversion of epistemological realism for what was actually and indiscernibly expressed as an idealist project. It was in the Critique of Pure Reason that the philosopher Immanuel Kant attempted to settle the problem of epistemological certainty and skepticism. Recalling the relationship between the mind, objects of the world, our perceptive apparatuses, and knowledge, Kant opens up the Critique of Pure Reason with two allusive statements[1]: (1) â€Å"†¦no knowledge our ours is antecedent to experience, but begins with it. † (2) â€Å"†¦though all of our knowledge begins with experience, it by no means follows that all arises out of experience. † Situating these two phrases within the context of realism and idealism requires parsing out the some key phrases within these statements. The first key phrase or term is â€Å"begins. † Kant tells us that â€Å"knowledge begins with experience. † That is, in order to say â€Å"I know,† one must first have an object which makes some kind of sensory impression on the mind. [2]â€Å"For how is it possible,† Kant asks, â€Å"that the faculty of cognition should be awakened into exercise otherwise by means of objects which affect our senses†¦so to convert the raw material of our sensuous impressions into a knowledge of objects? It is, therefore, objects in the world that first supply us with the â€Å"raw material† for ‘beginning’ the process of attaining knowledge; the term ‘process’ is important here, because the two statements above allude to two different kinds of knowledge. It is not the case, claims Kant, all knowledge is a direct derivative of compounding impressions of raw data. For Kant, and this point lays the foundation of idealism, the mind plays a much more integral role in determining how those impressions are arranged in pre-conscious faculties. This difference plays an important role in the realism/idealism debate since the relationship between the minds’ functioning and knowledge claims depends upon disassociating two different kinds of demonstrations: (1) a method of proving what is known, (2) the acquisition of knowledge. More specifically, the debate between realism and idealism must in some ways reconcile itself with knowledge claims that are a priori and/or a posteriori. The former refers to rationalized knowledge which is universal, necessary and independent of experience (though this last condition, as we will see, is not so clear in Kant’s idealism). The latter is empirical knowledge which is acquired directly through our sensory perception and is validated by the relationship between what is stated and the way the world appears to be. For example, the claim that ‘snow is cold’ is a posteriori since the concept of ‘cold’ is not directly related to ‘snow’ independent of human experience. What is a priori knowledge is the fundamental subject of Kant’s transcendental idealism. According to Kant, a priori knowledge is not just about a method of proof, but also about how we attain a priori knowledge. As mentioned above, Kant is concerned with not only the knowledge that comes from experience, but also knowledge that arises from experience. That is, Kant seeks to settle how a priori knowledge, knowledge that lends epistemological certitude regarding to certain claims, is attained and verified without relying on facts about an external world. It is here that we see explicitly how a priori knowledge and epistemological idealism are integral and linked to the realism/idealism discussion; a priori knowledge is attained through a logical rationalization of concepts about objects that does not require a direct experience of them. In other words, a priori knowledge is knowledge which, according to Kant, begins with experience, but does not necessarily arise from that experience. To unpack this influx of these epistemological connections, it will be instructive to begin with what Kant calls the Transcendental Aesthetic. There is, states Kant, an arrangement to the mind which makes experience possible. This arrangement, or what Kant calls ‘schematism’ not only makes experience possible, but it also limits the scope of possible experiences. To refocus, Kant’s position is that space and time are the two most fundamental conditions for having an experience. All objects which are presented to the mind are done so, necessarily, in time and in space. It is important to recall that objects of perception/experience make impressions on the mind which is done through any or all of the five senses. This means that space and time, in order to be objects of the external world, must possess the property of being sensible. But if space is the condition for which objects are experienced, then space can only exist because space exists (this kind of paradox is addressed in the Antinomies). The same applies to time. Kant, therefore, purports that space and time are mere formal conditionings of objects via the minds operation providing, at the same time, the possibility of experience and experiential limitations. The upshot for Kant is that he loses nothing with this claim. The reality of space and time, as external objects, would lend no more validity to knowledge claims since the properties of space and time are necessary conditions for experience. Thus, making knowledge claims do not change whether space and time are properties of realist or idealist doctrines. In addition, Kant avoids the paradoxes which arise from claiming space and as objects of external reality by placing them as antecedent conditions for experience, as is needed, in the mind. This leads us to what Kant calls ‘synthetical’ claims a priori. By placing objects in space and in time there are going to be properties pertaining to the relations of objects to other objects and properties of objects that will follow the logic of being so represented. When Kant says that knowledge can arise from experience he is referring to the synthetical claims a priori which are determined by the logic of space and time as formal conditions for experiential representations. This is how Kant is able to famously answer how ‘every change has cause’ is necessary without realist fact. Kant admits that change is something that must be experienced, but change is an experience in space and in time. Since time is represented as a succession or the proceeding of an object through/from time t1 to time t2, and change is a relation of cause and effect, and since a cause cannot be its effect (see the paradox of space and time being the conditions of their own existence above), then once we are able to experience an event as ‘change’ in relation to an object (in time and space), we can, and with no further experience, strictly use the concepts of ‘cause’, ‘event’, and ‘change’, to make the a priori claim that ‘every change has a cause’; note, not just a change, or some changes, but every change has a cause. In other words, because of Kant’s transcendental idealism, we are logically justified in attaching certain knowledge of properties and relations in and between objects beyond what is provided by what we know a posteriori.

Family Management Essay

1. What information in the documentary most surprised you? The thing that most surprised me was the amount of credit cards that a household. I am currently stressed out by having one credit card, I could not even imagine multiplying that stress by 8. I understand that adults with families need credit cards to help buy necessities for their families, but I think that if you are going to take on the responsibilities of owning a credit card, you should make sure you are able to pay more then just the minimum amount. That is another thing that surprised me, the fact that 35 million people only pay the minimum amount due is really shocking because people should be well aware by now how much money they are actually loosing by doing that. 2. Do you think the government should have a role in regulating both who can get credit cards and what interest and fees consumers should pay? If so, who should be the regulators? Who would benefit from such regulation? Who would lose? Explain. I don’t think the government should have a role in regulating who can get a credit card or the interest rate or fees. When people sign up for a credit card, they are well aware of the responsibility that they are taking on. Everyone knows their limit and how much interest they are charged, so if you cant afford to pay something off on time you should not buy it. I don’t think people should blame the banks if they are being charged interest on their purchases; it is their responsibility to be able to keep track of their income and their spending. Even though the bank is making money off of people who do not pay their bills on time, they are the ones lending money to people and they need to make some profit to, like every other business out there. 3. How, according to the four â€Å"normal consumers† in the documentary, does owning a credit card or credit cards affect purchasing decisions? Owning a credit card or multiple credit cards give the illusion of having more money then you actually do. The credit card makes people think that paying it later isn’t a big deal, when actually it buries people in huge sums of debt. Buying something for $500 and only making minimum payments for it can actually end up being double the price (depending on your interest rate). I was brought up thinking that credit cards are for emergencies and emergencies only, but now that I have one I find myself tempted to by things that are not even close to a necessity, and because of this piece of plastic, I also find that I convince myself not to worry and that I will pay it off later. It affects the purchasing decision by giving the illusion of money that most people don’t have, people have a hard time distinguishing the difference of their wants and their needs. Since there is an option to do a minimum payment, the majority of people are taking that route. 4. Who loses and gains the most from credit card companies’ policies? The people who gain from credit card companies are the ‘dead beats’, also known as the people who pay off their entire credit card bill at the end of the month. The reason that they are the gainers is because they are the ones who never have to pay interest, therefore the credit card companies are not making any money off of them and are basically just lending money to these people. The people that pay of their entire bill at the end of the month not only don’t have to pay interest, but they also gain benefits and good credit rates, depending on what that bank offers. The people that lose from credit cards are the people that only make the minimum payments. The downfall with only paying the minimum payments is that they are gaining interest of the balance spent, so they are constantly loosing money. They may think that they are saving money because they are not spending a lot on payments, but in the long run they are paying double the amount. 5. Has the documentary influenced how you might use credit cards in the future? Explain† (Frontline, 2008). Definitely, I’ve always thought I had a good concept on the whole credit card situation, but looking at the video has made me realize how much money I am actually loosing. I’ve always paid more then the minimum payment but still, I would much rather be one of the â€Å"dead beats†. Being in school makes that next to impossible though since I cannot work as much as I’d like to. This video makes me more conscious of the purchases that I make and it also makes me want to pay off my credit card off immediately! Being a student has put me into a lot of debt, I hope that once I have a career in place I will be able to pay off all of my debts.

Church And State In Italy Religion Essays

Church And State In Italy Religion Essays Church And State In Italy Religion Essay Church And State In Italy Religion Essay In the 1840s, arguments by Vincenzo Gioberti and Luigi Taparelli dAzeglio offered the foundations of the opposite ideological beliefs cardinal to the nature of Italian political relations ( Donovan 99 ) . On the one manus, the liberal-nationalist side combined national sentiment and spiritual ideals by reasoning that Italy s individuality was cardinal to Catholicism ( Donovan 99 ) . On the other manus, it was argued that modern times required the severance of the ties between church and province and stated that Italian national individuality should be distinguishable from its spiritual individuality. In 1929 the Lateran Treaty officially reconciled Italy and the Vatican ; nevertheless, the oncoming of World War II and Benito Mussolini s fascist thoughts repressed Catholic engagement in political and societal facets and this served to further fuel the apostolic belief that the church should keep some authorization in Italian political relations ( Donovan 98 ; Thornton 13 ) . The on-going contention of the Italian state of affairs is a direct consequence of the function of Catholic-inspired political parties and the sensed failing of the province ( Donovan 96 ) . As a consequence, its history has been characterized by periods of ill-defined differentiation between the church and the province. Contemporary Italy contains the Vatican City-a separate state established in 1984 by an understanding between Italy and the Vatican in which Roman Catholicism occupies the very bosom of its authorities ( CIA 110 ) . In fact, the Vatican City s fundamental law is based upon Pope John Paul II s cardinal Torahs, its legal system is based upon the Code of Canon Law, and the executive subdivision is headed by the Pope himself ( CIA 110 ) . It was non until 2002 that the sovereignty of the Italian province was recognized by the Pope ; nevertheless, the deep political division is still apparent ( Thornton 13 ) . During the period 1860-1924 the nature of the church-state relationship was extremely hostile with political relations and military business at odds with Pope Pius IX s beliefs ( Donovan 97 ) . Consequently, progressives regarded the church as a enormously powerful, insurgent administration [ sic ] and this sentiment has continued through today ( Donovan 97 ) . Intensifying the job was the formation of the Italian Popular Party ( PPI ) in 1919 which eventually sent the Vatican the message that an independent, non-religious political party was an existent presence in the state. Nevertheless, during the sixtiess and 1970s the church s engagement and continuity in governmental affairs-even traveling so far as to do voting a moral duty-created and sustained the position that the church maintained a steady clasp on the state ( Donovan 100 ) . In 1984, Italy and the Vatican signed a alteration to the 1929 Lateran Covenant which was enacted in March 1985 and called for the creative activity of a committee charged with modulating spiritual establishments and reexamining fiscal committednesss of the authorities with respect to the church itself ( Giovannelli 529 ) . While the aforesaid original compact resolved the Roman issue by officially acknowledging the Vatican and Roman Catholicism as the state s primary faith, tensenesss remained ( Giovannelli 530 ) . The revised understanding sought to truly decide the job through the constitution of a free church in a free province through the precedent-setting measure that certain understandings must be signed by members of the province and of all spiritual parties, non merely the Roman Catholic Church ( Giovannelli 531 ) . The implicit in principle for this alteration was to cut down the on-going struggle between the church and province that plagued the state for centuries. Throughout the history of Italy, two specific subjects sing the function of the Catholic church have emerged: the failure of consecutive political governments to consolidate themselves, and the relationship between the church, the province and political parties ( Donovan 95 ) . Cardinal to the apprehension of the troubled history is the apprehension of the important function political relations played in determining Italian church-state dealingss ( Donovan 95 ) . It was non until 1995 when an official separation between the church and the province occurred and the averment of neutrality aˆÂ ¦ became unequivocal in this treatment ( Donovan 95 ) . Further, this action is a direct consequence of the important function that political relations played in determining the relationship between faith and authorities as opposed to merely concentrating upon the events happening in Italy s Catholic universe ( Donovan 95 ) . However, despite the church s looking non-participation in aut horities it is most decidedly non impersonal when it comes to Italy s public policy. At any rate, Italy s church-state history has undergone much important alteration over the past several centuries. While the church ab initio lost its power upon the state s initiation, it continued to dispute every signifier of authorities that Italy attempted to ordain. Subsequently, it did go clear that both entities were excessively complicated to retain exclusive control of both facets. Even into the 1990s, the church continued to asseverate its relevancy in Italy s national individuality ; nevertheless, it has supported assorted governmental reform in order to liberate itself from the hard world of modern authorities ( Donovan 111 ) . As a consequence, the relationship between the church and province in Italy has undergone several alterations from insurgent non-engagement aˆÂ ¦ through competitory coaction aˆÂ ¦ to critical alliance aˆÂ ¦ to non-alignment ( Donovan 114 ) . Italy is now more like other European states despite continued influence by the church ( Fisher par. 13 ) . For illustration, despite protestations by the church sing divorce and abortion, both became legal in the 1970s, non to advert the fact that Italy has one of the lowest birth rates in Europe against the church s steadfast instructions against contraceptive method ( Fisher par. 13 ) . Despite Italy s motion into modernness, it has neither forgotten nor ignored its rich heritage in which the church is cardinal. Annotated Bibliography Central intelligence agency: The World Factbook: Holy See ( Vatican City ) . CIA World Fact Book ( 2006 ) : 110. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 11 Jan. 2010. This brief overview of the Vatican published by the CIA serves to exemplify the strength of Roman Catholicism in the part. An account as to how the Vatican City earned its independency every bit good as how Catholicism became Italy s national faith is attributed to a 1984 understanding between the Vatican and Italy itself. Finally, descriptions of the Vatican s authorities and legal authorization service to cement the importance of faith in the country. Donovan, Mark. The Italian State: No Longer Catholic, no longer Christian. West European Politicss 26.1 ( 2003 ) : 95-119. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 11 Jan. 2010. The writer investigates exhaustively the relationship between the church and province in Italy over the past 1,500 old ages by turn toing the historical events and their significance in determining modern-day church-state concern. While this article has a distinctively political angle it does offer important importance to the paper. Giovannelli, Mauro. The 1984 Covenant between the Republic of Italy and the Vatican: A Retrospective Analysis after Fifteen Years. Journal of Church A ; State 42.3 ( 2000 ) : 529-538. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 11 Jan. 2010. This article focuses chiefly on the 1984 amendment to the 1929 Lateran Covenant addressed in the paper and how attempts to incorporate the church and the authorities were made easier as a consequence. Giovannelli s experience as an lawyer in Florence enables him to give a unquestionably clearer attack to the subject. Fisher, Ian. Italy s Church and State: A Mostly Happy Union. The New York Times ( 1 Dec. 2004 ) . Web. 12 Jan. 2010. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nytimes.com/2004/12/01/international/europe/ 01letter.html gt ; . Fisher s article begins with the modern-day position of church-state separation in Italy today which asserts that merely tierce of Italians believe that the church should act upon province Torahs. As a consequence, the writer illustrates the 1,700-year argument addressed in the paper and argues that the ongoing rift between tradition and civilization in the church-state argument is clearly seen today. Thornton, Ryan. Divine Injustice. Harvard International Review 25.3 ( 2003 ) : 12-13. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 11 Jan. 2010. This article addresses the divergency between Catholicism and political relations in Italy today by discoursing differences of sentiment of Catholic Popes over the past 40 old ages, peculiarly in footings of abortion and divorce. Thornton besides gives a brief history as to the development of this rift through the Lateran Treaty and Pope John Paul II s attempts to, more late, reference said rift.

Nordstroms Anthropologic Analysis of War

Nordstroms Anthropologic Analysis of War Introduction Ethnography is a discipline which is trying to observe and explain human behavior. Nordstrom provides an in-depth analysis of one of the most enigmatic phenomena which is characteristic for humanity: people’s activity aimed at killing each other, i.e. war. In her book â€Å"Shadows of War† Nordstrom observes various people’s lives and considers the war in terms of political, economical, social and cultural peculiarities of different societies.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Nordstrom’s Anthropologic Analysis of War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Specific approach of the author enables the reader see every facet of the multifaceted phenomenon, and observe the impact of war on particular individuals and the outcomes of war on global scale. What is more, Nordstrom reveals the line between war and peace and suggests that it is possible to predict violence in a state if to cons ider properly all â€Å"shadows† which constantly appear in all countries worldwide. Nordstrom’s research methods Nordstrom exploits the major ethnographic method, anthropological fieldwork. This research method presupposes â€Å"participant observation† which enables the anthropologist to get a closer look at the processes which take place in the society or community under consideration (Robbins 15). Thus, Nordstrom provides insights into every arena of war, which the author is considering. Nordstrom recreates the atmosphere which exists in countries where people suffer from military conflicts. This approach enables the author to follow one of the anthropological concepts, relativism. Nordstrom provides myriads of examples from everyday life of people exposed to negative outcomes of war. These people are often engaged in illegal operations, but the author providing the real life examples explains that for many people illegal operations become the only way to su rvive (Nordstrom 197). Nordstrom provides long block quotes of people she interviewed. These quotes reveal the picture of the horrible world in which millions of people try to live. It is important to state that the author follows one more principle of anthropology and considers many countries. Nordstrom’s universalism makes it possible to have a more complete picture of the processes which lead to war or peace on global scale. Apart from giving certain real life examples which explain many people’s behavior, Nordstrom also considers all actors taking part in the war, civilians, soldiers, political entities, big companies and other states. This holistic approach enables Nordstrom to consider factors which influence war and peace, or the â€Å"time of not-peace-not war† (Nordstrom 171).Advertising Looking for report on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nordstrom’s findings and r esults It goes without saying that holistic approach of Nordstrom makes it possible to have the complete picture and draw quite precise conclusions. In the first place, it is necessary to point out that the majority of Nordstrom findings prove the accepted perception of war, as a phenomenon which is caused by many factors and should be considered from different perspectives on various levels. However, one of the most significant findings of the author is that â€Å"much of what undergirded the assaults took place along shadow channels† (Nordstrom 12). Moreover, the author suggests that if to consider these shadow channels properly it is possible to predict various cases of violence and even wars. For instance, Nordstrom point out that the start of war depends on the fact whether these shadow channels become powerful enough (12). Thus, the author states that it was possible to predict September 11 attack, but the US intelligence failed to take into account numerous shadow chan nels which caused so many lives and nation’s grief (Nordstrom 12). The author provides examples from such countries as Afghanistan or Angola where the shadow channels led to long period of â€Å"not-peace-not war† which transformed in war (Nordstrom 171). Interestingly, these findings are based on the ethnographic observation of people living countries where war has become a norm. Average civilians’ words highlight many of the shadow channels which are the basis of the war. For instance, the talk of Angolan stuff illustrates that economic factors play crucial role in any conflict. The author reveals the simple truth that the war makes some people suffer, but others, at the same time make fortunes. Thus, Angolans point out that soldiers punish people for trading, but sell products themselves: â€Å"More goods than bullets go across the front lines† (Nordstrom 169). It goes without saying that such real life examples back up Nordstrom’s findings abou t shadow channels and their influence on societies and their role in the balance between the war and the peace. Nordstrom research in terms of ethnography Admittedly, such a thorough analysis of one of the most disputable issues of people’s behavior contributes greatly to the overall study. Nordstrom’s ethnographic research not only draws certain conclusions as for causes and effects of the war and peace. The book should be also regarded as a good example of ethnographic approach to the problem. First, Shadows of War provides holistic analysis of human behavior. Nordstrom considers every level of society to understand possible reasons for emerging conflicts and cases of violence. It is necessary to note that there is certain focus on average civilians’ attitudes.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Nordstrom’s Anthropologic Analysis of War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Admittedly, Nordstr om relies on the major research method of ethnography, fieldwork. Nevertheless, the results of the fieldwork are put in larger discourse of primary reasons of the war. This enables the anthropologist to obtain important findings which can become an effective tool in violence prevention. Thus, Nordstrom’s research provides a good example of possible implications of ethnographic findings. Apart from this Nordstrom pays much attention to her ethnographic observation. Her interviewees provide the author with precious information which explains human behavior in war time. Reputedly, ethnography cannot take any assumption, e.g. it is good or bad, for granted (Robbins 16). Relativism is one of the most important principles for an anthropologist. Nordstrom does not simply state that people are engaged in many illegal operations. She provides the setting which explains why people behave in this or that way. Nordstrom’s research reveals relativity of good or bad in war time. Suc h a close look at people’s lives is very important for ethnography on the whole. Conclusion In conclusion, it is possible to point out that Nordstrom book is a good example of an in-depth analysis of people’s behavior in terms of major concepts of anthropology. Nordstrom follows such principles of anthropology as holism, relativism and universalism. The book provides the results of ethnographic observation which enable the author to draw more general conclusions about the causes and effects of war. Thus, Nordstrom reveals the shadow channels which are often the basis of numerous conflicts. The most important finding which Nordstrom articulates in the book is that it is possible to predict attacks or prevent the start of war if to consider properly and take into account the shadow channels. This finding makes the book one of those ethnographic books which suggest definite implication of ethnographic findings. Nordstrom, Carolyn. Shadows of War: Violence, Power, and Int ernational Profiteering in the Twenty-First Century. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2004. Robbins, Richard H. Cultural Anthropology: A Problem-Based Approach. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning, 2008.Advertising Looking for report on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Learn the Conjugations of Pluerer (to Cry) in French

Learn the Conjugations of Pluerer (to Cry) in French The French verb  pluerer  means to cry. When you want to say he is crying in the present tense or we cried in the past tense, the verb must be conjugated. A quick lesson will introduce you to the simplest forms of  pluerer, which you can study and memorize for use in your conversations. The Basic Conjugations of  Pleurer French verb conjugations may not be most French students favorite things to learn, but when you have a verb like pleurer, it is just a little easier. Thats because this is a regular -er verb, meaning it uses a very common conjugation pattern. If you have studied other verbs such as  quitter  (to leave) or  prà ©parer  (to prepare), you can use what you learned for those and apply it here. The key is to find the verb stem (or radical), which is  pleur-. To that, you will add different endings to form each conjugation. The endings you need are found in the chart. All you have to do is pair the appropriate subject pronoun to the tense of your subject. For example, I am crying is  je pleure  and we cried is  nous pleurions. Present Future Imperfect je pleure pleurerai pleurais tu pleures pleureras pleurais il pleure pleurera pleurait nous pleurons pleurerons pleurions vous pleurez pleurerez pleuriez ils pleurent pleureront pleuraient The Present Participle of  Pleurer As with most regular verbs, the  present participle  of  pleurer  is formed with an -ant  ending. This forms the word  pleurant. Pleurer  in the Compound Past Tense The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is a compound past tense that is very common in French. To form it, you will need to conjugate avoir  (an auxiliary verb) into the present tense. The past tense is implied by the  past participle  pleurà ©, which is attached to the end. For example, I cried is  jai pleurà ©Ã‚  and we cried is  nous avons pleurà ©. More Simple Conjugations of  Pleurer Among the other simple conjugations you may need are the subjunctive and the conditional. The former draws into question the act of crying. The latter says that someone will only cry if something else happens. If you read or write much French, you may also need  the passà © simple  and  the imperfect subjunctive. These are literary tenses and most often used in formal writing. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je pleure pleurerais pleurai pleurasse tu pleures pleurerais pleuras pleurasses il pleure pleurerait pleura pleurt nous pleurions pleurerions pleurmes pleurassions vous pleuriez pleureriez pleurtes pleurassiez ils pleurent pleureraient pleurrent pleurassent When you want to say Cry! in French, or some other short, really direct phrase, use  the imperative form.  All formality is lost here, so theres no need to include the subject pronoun. Simply say, Pleure  ! Imperative (tu) pleure (nous) pleurons (vous) pleurez

Assignment in Technology Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

In Technology - Assignment Example Aaronson (2008) in his article reveals to us that quantum computers are theoretically exponentially faster than the current classical systems. Quantum computing is an embodiment of how smarter the machines and humans have become. A quantum machine can analyze big data within minutes therefore relieving humans the burden. This is one way in which the technology will take over human tasks and to a great extent improving the human lifestyle (Aaronson 2008). Quantum computing was realized from the dealings of humans with machines as they tried to analyze the spooky behavior of nature (Nielsen & Chuang 2010). As much as this technology promises a lot, some scientists concider it as technology of the impossible due to the complexities involved in realizing it (Aaronson 2008). For instance is so difficult to measure quantum bits. Furthermore quantum computers could be used decrypt data hence contributing to data theft in classical systems. Generally, quantum computing is a technology of the near future generatyion. It is an implication of how man and machines are really getting along in the modern

Define war or peace. Your argument is that definition. Your thesis is Essay

Define war or peace. Your argument is that definition. Your thesis is that - Essay Example Some synonyms of the word war meaning relatively the same thing are: battle, bloodshed, conflict, contention, contest, enmity, fighting, hostility, police action, strife, strike, struggle, attack, and combat. There are many different kinds of wars. There is a civil war, which is a war between different sections or parties of the same country or nation. There is a holy war, which is a crusade; an expedition carried on by Christians against the Saracens in the Holy Land, in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries, for the possession of the holy places. And there is public war, which is a war between independent sovereign states. But there all war, F. W. Robertson once said, "Men will ever distinguish war from mere bloodshed". In my research paper war, will mean armed conflict, between nations; hostility or struggle. But will also: battle, bloodshed, conflict, contention, contest, enmity, fighting, hostility, police action, strife, strike, struggle, attack, and combat. Because in my dictionary war is war. Organized crime is not relative. It is universally condemned, because most right-thinking individuals realize that such activity is detrimental to the human race as a whole. War on the other hand refuses to be evaluated objectively, because it is an act of violence sanctioned by the state, an amorphous entity claiming to represent the views, beliefs and morality of its citizenry, and that is why war is far more insidious than organized crime. "Crime" is a word that brings to mind acts of selfishness, antisocial acts that disrupt the functioning of society, that cause hurt or suffering. It is always evaluated while bearing in mind fairness, and thus what is unfair is often a crime. Stealing relegates property that rightfully belongs to its owner to someone else. Murder deprives an individual of the right to live. It is this innate moral compass that helps the majority of men to be able to judge what is crime and what is not, and therefore crime appears to us as a cut-and-dried subject, easily defined and identified. What about war Indeed, there are still many men in this modern world who in their great wisdom proclaim that war is an amoral tool, which can be used for good, or for the greatest evil. Genghis Khan, the Great Mongol Conqueror (if conquering through bloodshed accrues greatness) once said, "Let him who desires peace, prepare for war." His enemies all agreed with him on this point, yet perished underneath the unshod hooves of stocky Mongol ponies. Our leaders today tell us that war must be an option made available to the nation-state, lest we should lose our peace. Some primal instinct that makes us uneasy with war must still flow through our veins, for men to have to keep thinking of new, pallid platitudes and aphorisms to justify war. Could it be that this primal instinct is related to the innate moral compass that helps us identify what is criminal Let us look at the similarities between crime and war. The former involves taking property belonging to someone else; the latter involves taking territory belonging to someone else because you believe it rightfully belongs to you. Crime sometimes involves killing; war requires you to kill, to defend your nation. Once again we see the constant need to justify war. It is, in the eyes of

Career, What do I have to do to become a Veternarian Essay

Career, What do I have to do to become a Veternarian - Essay Example Before anything else, one must first complete his education and do well in studies especially if he is considering a profession that belongs to the field of science. One of which is becoming a veterinarian. It entails much effort to become a veterinarian and a person who is considering this profession must do his best in all science related subjects. The struggle will begin during high school days because in these school years, he will have the first grasp the different science subjects and this will be the foundation of later studies within this field (â€Å"How To Become a Veterinarian†). Performing best while in high school will be an edge and most likely lend a better chance for the candidate to pass the entrance examination in college as a preparatory for higher studies. Also, doing ones best during high school days will benefit the individual as he enters college because during these years, he only has to take up science related course and the focus will be much narrower. Chemistry, math and biology are the two most important units in college that one needs to excel in (â€Å"FAQ About a Veterinary Career†). If one is really dedicated to become a veterinarian, he must prepare for all the hardships of studying and memorization of numerous and different facts because taking up a course in the science field is not an easy task (â€Å"How To Become a Veterinarian?†). Being in the field of science especially a course in veterinary medicine entails reading numerous, thick books. Because the field of science is constantly changing and improving, one must always keep himself updated of current trends. Finding and entering the best veterinary school will be an advantage (Fulton). But it does not end there. No matter how good the school is, what is more important is the individuals optimal performance in all subjects. The success of ones career does not lie with the school where the person earned his degree but on the knowledge that he has

Several Challenges in the Learning Activity Research Paper

Several Challenges in the Learning Activity - Research Paper Example In a class, an instructor can have students who have the ability to exhibit numerous potentials in a learning process. Multipotentiality among students a rare trait and it is common among students with gifts and talents (SWGT) (Santrock, 2010). These groups of students have a great passion and are usually have an extreme interest in several areas. However, this is a very good aspect for their future lives as it can enhance self-confidence and agency. The instructor can experience students with excessive self-criticism. Self-awareness and criticality are healthy aspects of any individual. This aspect is debilitating to the youths. These kinds of students exhibit self-persecution and self-hating traits. Furthermore, students may end up having depression. In addition, the instructor can experience students who have a perfectionist character trait. This aspect is more common as opposed to SWGT. The trait is a combination of environmental and inborn tendencies. Perfectionism as a trait ma y arise from outer sources such as parents, trainers and observations from adults. As an instructor one goes through varied challenges in handling these groups. First, students with numerous potentials are difficult to handle due to emerging of stereotypes and societal conventions. There is an emergence of stress and some limitations are applied. For instance, when girls approach colleges and perform well in music and physics, they are usually encouraged to pursue courses which represent stereotypes of society. In addition, stereotypes which are created along the gender lines, it may lead to stress (Smith et al, 2,010).

Sino Indian War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sino Indian War - Essay Example The war forges an abiding Indian apprehension of China that deeply colors India’s response to China’s activities throughout Indian Ocean littoral. The war entails a high degree of Indian cooperation with concealed Tibetan operations in America Central Intelligence Agency. Mao Zedong had the conviction that China’s foreign policy decision contravened with India that colluded with America to undermine China’s role in Tibet. Indian military pushed deep into Chinese territory. India progressively ratcheted down trade with trade to create compounding China logistic problems. The war left behind much causality on each side as China retained control of Aksai Chin region. Garver says that both scenarios take place in 1962 and involve battle for supremacy. Cuban Missile Crisis entails America and Russia clamor for super power in the nuclear missile crisis. Sino-Indian war entails India and China clamor for resources and expansion capabilities. Allison observes a correlation between Sino-Indian War and the Cuban Missile Crisis. India like America has always sought global great power status. Prior to the 21st century India has heightened its speed of development of a strong navy with global war-fighting capabilities. In the 1960s, America had well-established military intelligence that was able to capture nuclear installations with specialized U-2 Spy planes. Recently, India has managed to increase the joint exercises with strong*- naval countries such as United States, Russia, and France. It has also speed up the development and purchase of new naval equipment. Saalman asserts that China and India remained locked in an intractable security dilemmas such as the Sino-Indian border issue. Chinese and Indian interlocutors spent many hours debating on the border issue in the years following Sino-Indian border conflict in 1962. The border issue assumes a looming and lingering presence in Sino-Indian relations. The disparity between

Several Challenges in the Learning Activity Research Paper

Several Challenges in the Learning Activity - Research Paper Example In a class, an instructor can have students who have the ability to exhibit numerous potentials in a learning process. Multipotentiality among students a rare trait and it is common among students with gifts and talents (SWGT) (Santrock, 2010). These groups of students have a great passion and are usually have an extreme interest in several areas. However, this is a very good aspect for their future lives as it can enhance self-confidence and agency. The instructor can experience students with excessive self-criticism. Self-awareness and criticality are healthy aspects of any individual. This aspect is debilitating to the youths. These kinds of students exhibit self-persecution and self-hating traits. Furthermore, students may end up having depression. In addition, the instructor can experience students who have a perfectionist character trait. This aspect is more common as opposed to SWGT. The trait is a combination of environmental and inborn tendencies. Perfectionism as a trait ma y arise from outer sources such as parents, trainers and observations from adults. As an instructor one goes through varied challenges in handling these groups. First, students with numerous potentials are difficult to handle due to emerging of stereotypes and societal conventions. There is an emergence of stress and some limitations are applied. For instance, when girls approach colleges and perform well in music and physics, they are usually encouraged to pursue courses which represent stereotypes of society. In addition, stereotypes which are created along the gender lines, it may lead to stress (Smith et al, 2,010).

American Born Chinese Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American Born Chinese - Essay Example They are intended to change the whole viewpoint that the readers have about that particular scenario. These writings are always radical in nature and tend to convince the reader to see things from the same viewpoint. One such text is American Born Chinese, a 2008 graphic novel by Gene Luen Yang and Lark Pien that contains a great deal of protest. It can be easily noticed in the plot development of the story, and this will be the basis of discussion in this paper. The story begins with the monkeys hanging on the trees; generally, one would say that this is the nature of monkeys. They are supposed to live on trees. However, according to Yang, there is one monkey, the king of monkeys that has ruled the other monkeys for many years. At this time, he has mastered the ways of the gods; these ways are the eight Kung-fu disciplines. As a result of his reaching, he yearns to leave the monkeys behind and join the ranks of the gods. This is the first act of protest that we encounter. One could comfortably say that it is part of monkeys’ nature to stay on trees and behave like any other animal (Yang 4). However, here we encounter a monkey that wants to protest against all that and elevate itself to another level. It wants to behave like a god. In addition to this, the monkey wants to protest against the true nature of the monkeys by passing a rule that all monkeys must wear shoes just like human beings. This is another protest because generally, monkeys and all other animals do not wear shoes. For the monkeys, this would even make their life harder since they cannot climb trees while wearing shoes. The monkey becomes arrogant to other gods when he starts to demand that he should be treated like an equal. The leader of the gods, Tze-Yo-Tzuh, tells him, ‘you are what I created you to be.’ Tze-Yo-Tzuh further tells him that he made him from the rock (Yang 7). The monkey challenges the gods’ king to prove this and tries to run away, but the king catc hes him. After learning that he cannot change who he is, he still refuses to repent, and the king of the gods buries him under a mountain rock till a time when he realizes and accepts who he is. Here, Yang tries to prove that when we try to be different persons from what we are we will only end up hurting ourselves. Another protest that we encounter in this comical novel arises from a character, Jin Wang. At this point, Yang introduces us to a boy born of immigrant parents in the United States. His life in the states is virtually peaceful; however, when his family moves from San Francisco to a white dominated suburban region, his life changes. He finds that he is the only Chinese in the whole school, and this fact makes him a subject to the prejudice (Yang 31). This is the point where he begins protesting against his culture. He constantly has to tell the other children in the school that he was born in America, and that his family does not eat dogs. Yang, at this point exhibits ano ther protest, which is against his culture. Jin Wang does not want to be associated with the Chinese way of life yet this is his culture (Yang 31). Jin Wang struggles to fit in his white peers’ way of life in every aspect. He even eats sandwiches (Yang 37), food that is not common for his culture. Jin struggles to be like the whites even when he is not in the school environment. This is evident in the conversation that he has with an old lady about being what he wants to be. The lady replies by telling him, ‘

The Extension of Man by Marshall McLuhan Essay Example for Free

The Extension of Man by Marshall McLuhan Essay In this monumental work, Marshall Mcluhan rigorously examined mass media, a term which he coined how it affects pop culture and in turn how it affects human beings and their relations. According to McLuhan, there is no single factor in human life more important than technology and yet most users have little or no idea of how most technologies work or even that their own bodies are sophisticated collections of technological systems. McLuhan rejected Marxs view of production as a primarily determinant in social change and replaces it with technological inventions. The most important aspect of media is the technical medium of communication. In this book, he provided insights on how technological innovations influence mans perception. It provided insights not only on what people communicate but on how the message is being communicated. One factor to consider into understanding the book is the milieu when it was written. McLuhan developed his theory when television was still is at its infancy and the personal computer was still being developed. However his book in a way predicted what is to come. McLuhan established himself as the patriarch of media criticism and the high priest of pop culture after this book. He made a lot of revelations in this book; things which are imperceptible to most but have great impact. For instance, the existence of global village (another term he is credited of coining); the exploitation, manipulation and control of the individual; the medium is the message; and technology as extensions of human body. McLuhan’s global village is where media penetrates the whole of society and culture. Today few would dispute that mass media have indeed decentralized modern living and turned the world into a global village. It is something that universalizes culture and existence where everyone shares something in common. The mass media have created a world of instant awareness to which the categories of perspective space and sequential time were irrelevant and in which a sense of private identity was untenable. He noted the fact that there are more people watching TV than attending church is something of no great consequence but McLuhan warns â€Å"we become what we behold†. Constant television exposure has its drastic effects. Notice how plastic surgery and other artificial beauty enhancements have become highly popular. In this line, he provided an insightful view on how advertising manipulates the unsuspecting audience. He believed that the available media shapes human activity, more so than what media are used for. Content analysis misses the point and is not as effective because it is the medium that affects the body and the psyche in unconscious ways. Early on the book he differentiated hot and cold medium and points that the medium is more powerful than the message. He touched on how women were turn into objects of desire and how they are in turn made to buy the products that will help them achieve desirability. He also discussed how man highlights the technological extensions but ignores the amputations. McLuhan said that technology is the extension of Man meaning for every technology that is invented, there is a corresponding internal technology (performing similar functions) within the physical bodies of people. For example clothing is the man-made extension of the skins role in keeping us warm inside. He called media the extension of man he based his theory on the fact that content follows form, and the insurgent technologies give rise to new structures of feeling and thought, new manners of perception. He saw media as make happen agents rather than make-aware agents. Highly anecdotal and riddled with wordplay and notorious firing quips, McLuhan made a breakthrough in this book by breaking down how media and technology is conventionally perceived.

Treating Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy with Ginger

Treating Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy with Ginger Qi-Cai Liu Tiran, D. (2012). Ginger to reduce nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: Evidence of effectiveness is not the same as proof of safety. Complimentary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 18(1), 22-25. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2011.08.007 This article presents a systemic review of the mechanism and safety of using ginger to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP). In the article, the author first introduced the history of ginger as a traditional remedy in some eastern countries, then discussed the potential risk of several different forms of ginger that were available in the UK market. After that, the author explored the mechanisms of gingers anti-emetic function. Ginger can inhibit serotonin receptor and suppress vasopressin, as well as reduce tachygastric activity. However, the exact mechanism still remains unclear. The author pointed out that there was no consistency in dosages and forms of ginger among current studies, and the differences between nausea and vomiting was not fully understood. Next, the author discussed the safety of using ginger. The author believed that ginger should be treated as a pharmacological medication rather than a natural remedy. Therefore, it should be administered with safe dosages and be obtained from the correct plant, Zingiber officinale. Following that, the author discussed gingers potential adverse effects, drug-drug interactions, as well as contraindications and precautions. For example, ginger should be contraindicated for women who have a history of miscarriage because anticoagulation is one of its notable side effects. At the end of article, the author offered a contraindications and precautions checklist, which is very useful for health care providers to identify which women should avoid ginger. The limitation of this article is that it did not emphasize gingers therapeutic effects. The strength of this article is the valuable safety checklist. Overall, this article increased the awareness that ginger, although a natural remedy, has side effects and contraindications too. Ozgoli, G., Goli, M. Simbar, M. (2009). Effects of ginger capsules on pregnancy, nausea, and vomiting. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 15(3), 243-246. doi: 10.1089/acm.2008.0406 This article describes a single blind clinical trial to determine function of ginger on nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP). 70 pregnant women who experienced nausea and vomiting before 20 weeks of gestation participated this study. Prior to the treatment with ginger, the baseline levels of nausea and vomiting symptoms were measured via a standard visual analogue scale. The participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group and control group. In the experimental group, 35 participants were treated with ginger at a dose of 1000mg/day for 4 days. 35 participants in the control group were treated with a placebo (lactose) with the same dose and prescription form. The treatment effects were measured by asking participants to finish the 4-page questionnaire and record nausea intensity twice a day (3 participants from experimental group failed to complete the questionnaire). A statistically significant decrease in the nausea and vomiting intensity with ginger treatment was rep orted. 85% of women who received the ginger treatment reported an improvement of nausea symptoms, while only 56% reported improvement in the control group. In addition, the vomiting times for the pregnancy are also significantly decreased in the experimental group comparing to control group (50% versus 9%). The materials and methods section was well developed with clear description of experimental design, samples selection, data collection and analysis. The strengths of this article are the rigorous experimental design and large sample size. The limitation of this study, as mentioned by the authors, is the short assessment period. As a result, some ginger adverse effects may not be able to discover. The findings of this study provide some evidence-based information about effects of ginger for NVP. Ensiyeh, J., Sakineh, MC. (2009). Comparing ginger and vitamin B6 for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: A randomised controlled trial. Midwifery, 25(6), 649-653. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2007.10.013 This study conducted a double-blind randomized controlled trial to compare the effects of vitamin B6 and ginger for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP). 70 pregnant women who experienced nausea and vomiting symptoms before their 17 weeks gestation participated this study. Half of them were randomly selected to receive ginger 1g per day treatment for 4 days. As a control, half of them received vitamin B6 40 mg per day treatment at same time. The nausea intensity was measured via a visual analogue scale during the treatment plus 24 hours before. The vomiting episodes were also recorded in the same period. The treatment responses at a 7-day follow-up were measured via a five-point Likert scale (one participant from control group failed to return to clinic later). Their results showed that both ginger and vitamin B6 treatment could decrease the symptoms of nausea, and ginger worked significantly better than the vitamin (p=0.024). In terms to vomiting episodes, both ginger and vitamin B6 could reduce the frequency of vomiting, and there was no significant difference between them. In the 7-day follow-up visiting, there were 29/35 participants in ginger group and 23/34 participants in vitamin B6 group reported a decrease of nausea reaction (p=0.52). This trial was well designed with large sample size, strict sampling inclusion criteria, and rigor experimental process. The strength of this study is that they measured and compared the long-term effects of ginger and vitamin B6 on the pregnancy outcomes, such as abortion and preterm birth. The limitation of this study is that they changed the participants dietary, which might influence the treatments and outcomes. The findings of this study provide some evidence-based knowledge about the efficiency of ginger and vitamin B6 in the NVP treatment, as well as their long-term effects. Therapy Assessment Nausea and vomiting are the most common unpleasant complications in early pregnancy. There were about 70-80% of women experienced nausea and 50% of them experienced vomiting episodes during their early pregnancy (Ensiyeh Sakineh, 2009). That means there are about 350,000 Canadian women experience nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP) every year (Lee Saha, 2011). The pathogenesis of NVP remains unclear. However, it is widely accepted that NVP is correlated to the hormone changes during gestation, such as the human chorionic gonadatropin (hCG), progesterone, and estrogen (Lee Saha, 2011). It was reported that the peak of NVP is positive correlated to hCG peak, and hCG could regulate gastric smooth muscle activity by stimulating placental prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (Lee Saha, 2011). Progesterone also has a function of gastric emptying by decreasing smooth muscle contractility (Lee Saha, 2011). NVP can cause more undesirable consequences for the pregnant women than uncomfortable, such as s ocial interactions, families, and careers (Ozgoli, Goli, Simbar, 2009). About 25% of employed pregnant women have to leave their jobs due to the nausea and vomiting symptoms (Ensiyeh Sakineh, 2009). As a result, it may bring some financial and psychological problem for them, which will further influence the health status of themselves and even their babies (Ozgoli et al., 2009). Most important, nausea and vomiting symptoms can also change dietary and may lead to malnutrition for themselves and their babies. Therefore, it is very important for the women, who are experiencing NVP, to get treatment in time. In terms to the treatments of NVP, there are nonpharmacologic approach and pharmacologic approach (Lee Saha, 2011). The nonpharmacologic approach includes dietary measures, emotional support, acupuncture, and ginger. The pharmacologic approach includes pyridoxin-doxylamine, antiemetics, promotility agents, and antihistamines. The goal of treatment is to release the symptoms and reduce risks for the women and fetus. It has a long history for using ginger as an herbal medicine to treat NVP in some eastern countries, such as China, Japan, and India (Tiran, 2012). Pregnant women in western countries also knew gingers anti-emetic effects for a long time (Tiran, 2012). However, it was until recently, the effects of ginger for NVP were studied in the scientific way (Ensiyeh Sakineh, 2009; Ozgoli et al., 2009). In the Ozgoli et al. study (2009), a single blind clinical trial was conducted to investigate the effects of the ginger for NVP. Their results found that, 1000mg/day ginger treatment could significant decrease nausea symptoms, as well as reduce the frequency of vomiting. In Ensiyeh andSakineh study (2009), a double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare the function of ginger and vitamin B6 for NVP. Their results showed that both ginger and vitamin B6 could reduce the vomiting frequency. The ginger was more efficiency on reduce nausea symptoms than vitamin B6, which has a wel l known effects on treating NVP. The strength of these two studies is that they proved the gingers effects on NVP in the scientific way. However, both studies failed to explore the mechanism about how ginger can effectively treat NVP, and one study failed to measure the long-term adverse effects of ginger. These are the weaknesses of these two studies. Based on these research results, I would like to say ginger is an effective alternative therapy for NVP. In the future nursing practice, I would like to recommend pregnant women to take this herbal medicine to treat their NVP symptom. However, as Tiran (2012) suggested, ginger should also be treated like a pharmacological drug. I must be very cautious about its mechanisms, adverse effects, drug/food interactions, and contraindications before making the recommendation. Being familiar with these knowledge will also enable me to educate each pregnant woman why she can or cannot take ginger to treat her NVP. Mechanisms It is well known that ginger is very effective for treating NVP symptoms (Ensiyeh Sakineh, 2009; Ozgoli et al., 2009). However, the mechanism of its anti-emetic effects still remains unclear (Tiran, 2012). What already known are that the three ginger indigents: gingerols, shogaol, and zingiberence, can bind to serotonin (5-HT) receptor and block its function to inhibit nausea and vomiting (Tiran, 2012). The major anti-emetic substance in ginger was thought to be gingerols (Tiran, 2012). In addtition, ginger also was reported that it could reduce nausea and vomiting symptoms through suppressing vasopressin to decrease stomach activity (Tiran, 2012). Except these gastrointestinal tract effects, Tiran (2012) thought ginger might also have some effects on the central nervous system. For example, it has sedative and hypnotic functions. Adverse effects The adverse effects of ginger can be easily ignored by both pregnant women and health care providers due to its natural remedy character (Tiran, 2012). Like other pharmacological medications, ginger also has some adverse effects (Tiran, 2012). First, ginger has side effects on gastrointestinal tract (Tiran, 2012). Ginger can cause stomach irritant and then lead to heartburn, which may due to its weakly cholinergic function (Tiran, 2012). With the same function, ginger also can stimulate the bile secretion (Tiran, 2012). It is also reported that poorly chewed ginger can cause intestinal blockage (Tiran, 2012). Therefore, it is necessary to recommend women to masticate ginger properly if they are prescribed with the dried root ginger (Tiran, 2012). Second, ginger has adverse effects on cardiovascular system. It is reported that ginger can cause hypotension and that is one reason why some women felt dizziness after had the ginger herbal (Tiran, 2012). Ginger can also cause cardiac arrhy thmias, which may due to the interaction with beta receptors (Tiran, 2012). Third, ginger has side effects on the blood. One of its notable side effects is anticoagulant, which increases the risk of bleeding (Tiran, 2012). Beside that, ginger also can lower the blood glucose level, which may increase the risk of hypoglycemia (Tiran, 2012). Fourth, ginger can produce side effects of hot, sweating, constantly thirsty, and looking for cold drinks. These symptoms are caused by its cholinergic function (Tiran, 2012). Last, it needs to keep awareness that the long-term adverse effects of ginger on fetus development are still not fully understood (Tiran, 2012). Drug/food interactions Like other pharmacological medications, ginger also has the interactions with other drugs or food (Tiran, 2012). First, abundant evidences showed that ginger can interact with some prescribed medications, such as beta antagonists, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, as well as other herbs such as gingko balboa (Tiran, 2012). Second, ginger has weakly cholinergic function (Tiran, 2012). Therefore it can have interaction with other cholinergic drugs, including antagonists and agonists. For example, ginger can interact with donepezil, a muscarinic agonist, as both can increase the bile secretion. Third, ginger can interact with other drugs which can increase or decrease blood pressure as ginger can cause hypotension (Tiran, 2012). For example, ginger can reduce the anti-hypotension function of epinephrine, an adrenergic agonist. Fourth, ginger can lower blood glucose level (Tiran, 2012). Therefore it can interact with other drugs which can increase or decrease blood glucose level, such as in sulin and metformin. Fifth, as mentioned previously, ginger has the function of anticoagulant (Tiran, 2012). Therefore, ginger can interact with other anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs, such as heparin, warfarin, and aspirin. Last, ginger can cause cardiac arrhythmia (Tiran, 2012). As a result, ginger can interact with other drugs with can cause cardiac arrhythmia too, such as Levodopa. Contraindications As ginger has some adverse effects and drug interactions, it should be contraindicated to the pregnant women who have relevant diseases or are taking the interactive drugs. First, ginger should be contraindicated for the women with certain gastrointestinal tract diseases (Tiran, 2012). Pregnant women with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or heartburn symptom should avoid ginger as it can worsen this symptom by irritating stomach (Tiran, 2012). Pregnant women with a history of gallstones should be contraindicated because ginger can stimulate the secretion of bile (Tiran, 2012). Dried root ginger should not be prescribed to pregnant women who have lower gastrointestinal tract disease, such as duodenal ulcer, as it may cause intestinal blockage (Tiran, 2012). Second, pregnant women with certain cardiovascular diseases should also be contraindicated from ginger (Tiran, 2012). Ginger can cause hypotension (Tiran, 2012), therefore the women who with hypotension symptom or are taking anti-hypertensive drugs to control their blood pressure should not take ginger. Ginger also can cause cardiac arrhythmia (Tiran, 2012). As a result, ginger should not be prescribed to the pregnant women who have cardiac arrhythmia or are taking anti-arrhythmic drugs, such as Na+ and K+ channel blockers. Tiran (2012) even suggested that all the herbal remedies and complementary therapies should be contraindicated for pregnant women who have major cardiac diseases. Third, ginger should be contraindicated for pregnant women with bleeding disorders as it has a function of anticoagulant. Tiran (2012) suggested that any pregnant women who had a history of miscarriage, vaginal bleeding, or clotting disorder should not take ginger. These women who may have a surgery several weeks later also should stop taking ginger at least two weeks before the operation (Tiran, 2012). Fourth, ginger has a function of lower blood glucose (Tiran, 2012). Therefore ginger should be avoided from those women wh o are taking drugs to control their diabetes mellitus, such as insulin and metformin. The women who have hypoglycemia also should also be contraindicated from ginger. Last, ginger has interactions with the benzodiazepines, beta blockers, and gingko biloba (Tiran, 2012). Therefore it should be avoided for the pregnant women who are taking those drugs. Conclusion Ginger is an effective herbal medicine in treating NVP although its mechanism still remains to explore. As a pharmacological medication, ginger has its own adverse effects, drug/food interactions, and contraindications. Ginger is not always safe for every pregnant woman who are experiencing nausea and vomiting symptoms. The women prescribed with ginger should be educated with its adverse effects and its possible interaction with other drugs. In addition, the women, who have certain gastrointestinal tract diseases, certain cardiovascular diseases, bleeding disorders, and hypoglycemia, should also be contraindicated from ginger. Overall, ginger should be treated like a pharmacological medication rather than a natural remedy when being prescribed for NVP treatment. References Ensiyeh, J., Sakineh, MC. (2009). Comparing ginger and vitamin B6 for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: A randomised controlled trial. Midwifery, 25(6), 649-653. Doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2007.10.013 Lee, N., Saha, S. (2011). Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, 40(2), 309-334. Doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2011.03.009 Ozgoli, G., Goli, M. Simbar, M. (2009). Effects of ginger capsules on pregnancy, nausea, and vomiting. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 15(3), 243-246. Doi: 10.1089/acm.2008.0406 Tiran, D. (2012). Ginger to reduce nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: Evidence of effectiveness is not the same as proof of safety. Complimentary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 18(1), 22-25. Doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2011.08.007

Gladiator Essay -- essays papers

Gladiator Directed by Ridley Scott, Gladiator is an epic tale of honor, love, loyalty and power. If you could only see two movies a year make Gladiator one of them. It is full of action, adventure, drama, deceit and love. Russell Crowe plays the Roman General, Maximus, who heads the Roman Army in their conquers of Europe and Africa under the emperor Marcus Aurelius. Maximus has served Rome for â€Å" two years, 264 days and this morning,† and is anxiously awaiting his release by the emperor so that he may go home and be with his dearly missed wife and son. But Maximus is more than a general to Aurelius, he is the son he should of had and the needed successor to the emperor. Aurelius has known that his true son, the devious, cold, and twisted Commodus, played by Joaqui...

Lucy Honeychurch: Motifs, Themes, Biography, Plot

â€Å"A Room with a View†, by Edward Morgan Forster, presents the story of Lucy Honeychurch, a young woman belonging to English high society. Forster places this young maiden in a state of conflict between the snobbery of her class: the â€Å"suitable and traditional† views and advice offered by various family members and friends, and her true heart’s desire. This conflict â€Å"forces† Lucy Honeychurch to choose between convention and passion and throws her into a state of internal struggle, as she must sift through the elements of her social conditioning and discern them from her true emotions and desires [Ford]. Forster develops and utilizes Lucy’s internal struggle as a means of transforming her from a pretty young woman, to a subtle heroine. Lucy Honeychurch is introduced to the reader as a somewhat pretty young woman, obviously ignorant to the ways of the world, who is being chaperoned by her cousin, Charlotte Bartlett, while vacationing in Italy. Numerous conversations over matters of dress, the acceptability of various pieces of furniture, and other vacations, suggest the snobbish nature of both Lucy and Charlotte. Relevant materials: Maru Themes In fact, matters of convention encompass Lucy’s life until George Emerson’s â€Å"caddish,’ yet passionate, display of affection takes over. Lucy and Charlotte are both very alike because they hold true the values of upper class English society. Lucy constantly struggles with how she is supposed to act, think, or even associate herself with: most conflictingly George Emerson, a railroad worker of the lower class (Ford). Their union is forbidden by Miss Bartlett by telling Lucy that he is a socialist, that she shouldn’t associate herself with him and just overall patronizing George excessively. Charlotte and Lucy also share the same renouncement of words when they are talking to people to seem more polite. At the beginning of the novel, Lucy is feebly trying to fit in with the members of the upper class by living by certain class values and rules of propriety but they all don’t form her with any opinion or route of action. By the end of the novel, she has formed her own thoughts, opinions, and actions and takes full control of her fate and breaks it off with Cecil to marry George, her true love. Lucy also encounters muddles, as pointed out by Mr. Emerson, which she realizes and fixes by the end of the novel. She wasn’t following her own heart and thoughts, but making decisions based on the wants of her social class, not her own. Lucy Honeychurch makes a dramatic transformation throughout the novel form a sweet, naive heroine to a strong, independent woman (Schwarz). In the novel the best representation of class snobbery is Miss Charlotte Bartlett, Lucy’s chaperon in her travels to Italy and Greece. Not only is Miss Bartlett unimaginative and patronizing to the Emerson’s but she is the hindrance to Lucy’s true happiness; being with George Emerson. Lucy is at first naive and dependent on others views for her own at the beginning of the novel. In the opening scene, Lucy and Miss Bartlett meet the Emerson’s who offer them a room with a view. In the text; Forster gives us insight into Miss Bartlett: â€Å"Miss Bartlett, though skilled in the delicacies of conversation, was powerless in the presence of brutality. It was impossible to snub any one so gross. Her face reddened with displeasure. She looked around as not to say, â€Å"Are you all like this? â€Å"(Forster 11). And two little old ladies, who were sitting further up the table, with shawls hanging over the backs of the chairs, looked back, clearly indicating â€Å"We are not; we are genteel†(11). â€Å"Eat your dinner, dear, she said to Lucy, and began to† toy again with the meat that she had once censured. †(6). Lucy replies in this manner to the apparent indifference between Miss Charlotte and the Emersons: â€Å"Lucy mumbled that those seemed very odd people opposite† (6). Furthermore, during the dinner conversation at the pension Miss Bartlett Commands Lucy To: â€Å"Lucy, dearest, let Mr. Beebe eats his dinner. â€Å"(7). This is the first instance of Miss Bartlett’s overbearing dominance of Lucy’s actions, Thoughts, and decisions. Finally, Mrs. Bartlett realizes her obtrusive manner toward Lucy at the end of their trip to Italy and confesses to Lucy, â€Å"I shall never forgive myself. †(89). Lucy then starts to truly find herself when Miss Bartlett starts letting Lucy become independent and pursue her own interests; letting her do what she wants; and think what she wants to think. But class snobbery is apparent all the way throughout the novel particularly by the provincial patronizing of the lower class repeatedly in a multitude of situations. Forster was born into an Anglo-Irish and Welsh middle-class family at 6 Melcombe Place, Dorset Square, London NW1, in a building that no longer exists. He was the only child of Edward Morgan Llewellyn Forster and Alice Clara â€Å"Lily†. His father, an architect, died of tuberculosis on 30 October, 1880. Among Forster's ancestors were members of the Clapham Sect. He inherited a lot of money from his paternal great-aunt Marianne Thornton (daughter of the abolitionist Henry Thornton), who died on 5 November, 1887†(Mcdowell). The money was enough to live on and enabled him to become a writer. Young Edward was raised by his mother, aunts, and governesses. He started writing stories at the young age of six at the Turnbridge high school in Kent County. Then later he started to study philosophy, and literature at Kings College in Cambridge. Then he joined a group called the Cambridge Apostles, devoted to protecting homosexuality and theology of the age. Forster began to become enthralled by the surrounding WWI and the beautiful, aspiring landscape of Europe (McDowell). He drew inspiration for his novel A Room with a View. When he traveled to Italy, Greece, And Rome. Forester would develop a deep love of Mediterranean culture he would grow to love and write about. Forster then traveled to Alexandria, Egypt where he met his first true love, Mohammed el Adia. He became well acquainted with the conflict between the British Taj and the Indian Independence Movement; from which stemmed an award winning book, A Passage to India (Britannica). The author’s tone throughout the novel, A Room with a View is: satirical, humanistic, and very particular in the conflict between the upper class and the lower class. Forster based his book around the passion of Lucy Honeychurch, the main character, and the internal conflict between Lucy and her decisions; in relation to the morals and values of her social class. It reflects snobbish British upper class during this time period and their effrontery to delegate mainstream tourists and Italians below themselves. Forester’s satirical views is portrayed in the title of his chapters where 16-19 are entitled â€Å"Lucy Lies† to† blank† and his chapter titles actually tell the big events of each chapter, in sharp contrast to novels of other eras which used titles to just foreshadow the possible. The title, A Room with a View is portrayed throughout the novel by the relationship between Cecil and Lucy Honeychurch. Lucy views Cecil as a room with no view and in retrospect; Cecil views Lucy as a view without a room (Mcdowell). Devote Love and compassion along with the belief of Georges belief in fate is what drives the plot of the story. Lucy can’t help feel compassion in love with George who sweeps her off her feet time and time again. While, George believes strongly in fate proving arduously stubborn throughout the whole novel, ultimately uniting Lucy and George in the end. An example of both the two main Components of the novel, A Room With A View: class snobbery and the independent transformation of Lucy Honeychurch is when Lucy experiences thinking for her own self and keeping her own secrets making her feel lonely (Literature Notebook). â€Å"After Mr. Eager leaves, Lucy expresses exasperation at the thought of the drive. They discuss the problems of the drive; for one, Miss Lavish has been invited by Mr. Beebe, and Mr. Eager does not like Miss Lavish. So Charlotte resolves that the two men will go with Lucy in the first carriage while Miss Lavish and Charlotte follow in the second carriage (Forster 120). They pick up their mail at the bureau; Lucy has letters from home. Mrs. Vyse, a friend of the family, is in Rome with her son. Lucy suggests going to Rome the next day, but Charlotte reminds Lucy of the country drive, and the two women laugh at Lucy's suggestions. At this point in the novel is the apex where Lucy thus changed by the secret of the murder of the Italian man, feels a new perspective on life, that of her own opinions and thoughts. The concealment of the murder thus drives Lucy toward the transformation of a more independent character. When Mr. Eager rolls onto more class anxiety or class snobbery of passing a rumor about Mr. Emerson murdering his wife, then Lucy takes a stand and defends the Emersons saying that they are nice people who would never do anything of that sort. This is a monumental change in the novel of Lucy forming her own opinions and developing into a strong woman. Forester outlines and enhances the concussive idea of fate, and the background elements that enhance the drama. Before the carriage ride it’s sunny and hot outside; but after when the story reaches the pinnacle and Lucy begins to display her independence and becomes stronger as the thunder storm develops. Forester is using the mood and background of the book to perpetuate the transformation of Lucy Honeychurch. The main characters transformation form delightful to strong and bold matches the presentiment of the mood while riding toward Windy Corner. George Emerson strikes up an argument with Mr. Beebe about what life is based on: fate or coincidence? George takes a standpoint that fate is the controlling influence in life which is portrayed by Forester in the way that George and Lucy seem to magically run into each other after Lucy is told by Miss Bartlett to not associate with the Emerson’s because they are â€Å"Evil. † This first instance is when Lucy comes across two Italians fighting when she is returning from touring the gift shops and is horrified to see an Italian man stabbed in the back over a debt of five schillings (Literature Notebook). She faints and when she wakes up she sees George who caught her when she fainted. Lucy immediately is startled at George being so close to her and makes a frantic escape for home. The second instance of fate bringing Lucy and George together is when Lucy encounters the Emerson’s at the Church. The Emerson’s give Lucy a nice lesson on medieval art and give her some interesting views on life to think about. â€Å"The thing about the universe is that it doesn’t fit,† remarks George which portrays his deep thought, sensitivity, and intelligence (Forster 25). A third instance is when the Italian clergyman leads Lucy to George when they are on the carriage ride to see the beautiful homes and landscape of the countryside. Instead of leading Lucy to Miss Bartlett, like she requested in Italian, He leads her to George Emerson in the field of violet terraces. George turns and sees her and immediately kisses her, caught up in the beauty of the moment. The final instance is when Cecil, Lucy’s supposed suitor, invites the Emerson’s over to the garden party to absolve Lucy’s snobbishness by introducing perspectives of the lower class. Really, Cecil ends up ruining his own planned marriage with Lucy and foils his own happiness (Schwartz). What Forster wants to portray in this novel, is the personalities and opinions of his characters and how your social background can both influence you positively and negatively. He incorporates so many different elements and personas into the story that it leaves the reader to be saturated the feelings and emotions of the characters very strongly. You get a strong feeling of the class snobbery, transformation of Lucy Honeychurch, influence of fate, and a real insight into the opinions of Lucy Honeychurch. Forester brings all of these elements and ties it together with the ongoing transformation of Lucy Honey church form a weak, naive woman to a sophisticated, strong woman. The intense influence of Miss Bartlett finally is broken when Lucy begins to go and explore Italy for herself and starts to have her own thoughts and secrets. Lucy Honeychurch, at first, finds herself constrained by the claustrophic influence of her Guardians, especially Miss Bartlett. However, Lucy takes control of her own fate and finds love with George Emerson, who views her as a â€Å"Room with A View. In Contrast, Cecil views Lucy as a View without a room, or just something to have and look at; like a piece of art (Ford). He tried to manipulate herself and work into a masterpiece, trying to contort her imperfections while George respected her thoughts and opinions and loved her for who she was. Not to mention Cecil’s struggle with any intimacy whatsoever toward Lucy, even a kiss. So, in conclusion Forster incorporates the oblivion of class control over Lucy Honeychurch and the prevalence of Lucy transforming into an independent woman to control her own fate and end up with George Emerson, despite her class opinion of him.