Foundations of Organizational Structure Essay Example for Free

Foundations of Organizational Structure EssayTUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 composition HUMAN resourcefulnessTUTORIAL 1General macrocosm1. Ice-breaking session.2. Self-introduction by tutor and students.3. Briefing on course requirements.4. Tutorial expectations and participation.5. Briefing on convocation Report Oral Presentation (requirements and expectations). 6. Team doation for Group Report. (4 members per group)7. Tutor assigns question and time for oral presentation group report ** Oral presentation and group report submission will starts from Week 3 to 5****Important note**Students be required to sit for peerless (1) online teston Week 3. Please delineate sure that you argonregistered under this course and be able to accessto CEL to take the test. TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 brass section HUMAN mental imageryTUTORIAL 2 number 1 Foundations of Organizational Structure circumstances A Multiple survival of the fittest doubts1) The ________ refe rs to the number of subordinates that a manager directs. A) span of cut backB) unity of commandC) chain of commandD) decentralization principleE) loss attractership web2) A labor movement that is subdivided into many separate patronages is considered to provoke________. A) a broad(prenominal) degree of departmentalizationB) a low degree of decentralizationC) a high degree of work superfluousizationD) a low degree of social systemE) a high degree of matrix structuring3) Aeronautics Inc., a parts supplier, has departments for governing body aircraft and contracts, large commercial aircraft clients, and sm in all personal aircraft clients. This is an example of ________ departmentalization.A) productB) functionC) geographyD) customerE) service4) Stalsberry Company has employees in personnel, sales, and accounting. This division of an giving medication into groups fit in to work functions is an example of ________, the second element of structural organization.A) social clusteringB) bureaucracyC) specializationD) centralizationE) departmentalization5) The unbroken line of authority that ex unravels from the assoil of the organization to the lowest echelon and clarifies who reports to whom is termed ________. A) chain of commandB) authorityC) span of control.D) unity of commandE) web of authority6) Which one of the following is unchanging with a simple social organisation? A) highcentralizationB) high horizontal discordentiationC) high employee discretionD) standardizationE) bureaucracy7) Which of the following is a drawback of a narrow span of control? It ________. A) drops effectivenessB) is to a greater ex got efficientC) encourages overly tight supervision and discourages employee liberty D) empowers employeesE) increases participatory decision-making8) In an organization that has high centralization, ________. A) the corporate headquarters is located centrally to branch offices B) all top level officials argon located within the same geo graphic bea C) action shtup be taken more(prenominal) than quickly to solve problemsD) naked employees have a great deal of legitimate authorityE) top managers make all the decisions and subvert level managers that carry out directionsTUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCETUTORIAL 3 upshot 2 Organizational Culture rive A backchat Question1) Explain the primary methods of chief(prenominal)taining an organizations finish. Once a culture is in place, there are practices within the organization that act to maintain it by giving employees a set of similar experiences. Three forces play a particularly important part in sustaining a culture picking practices, the actions of top management, and socialization methods.a) First, the evident goal of the selection subroutine is to target and hire singles who have the knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform the affairs within the organization achievementfully. It would be naive to ignore that the fin al decision as to who is hired will be signifi shtuptly influenced by the decision makers judgment of how advantageously the candidates will fit into the organization. This attempt to ensure a proper match, whether on purpose or inadvertently, results in the hiring of sight who have taxs essentially consistent with those of the organization, or at least a good portion of those values. In addition, the selection process provides information to applicants about the organization. Candidates learn about the organization and, if they perceive a remainder surrounded by their values and those of the organization, they can self-select themselves out of the applicant pool.b) In addition to selection, the actions of top management also have a major impact on the organizations culture. Through what they say and how they behave, senior executives establish norms that filter conquer through the organization as to whether risk taking is desirable how much freedom managers should give their employees what is hold dress what actions will cede off in terms of pay raises, promotions, and opposite rewards and the like.c) Finally, no way out how good a theorise the organization does in recruiting and selection, new employees are not fully indoctrinated in the organizations culture. Beca character they are unfamiliar with the organizations culture, new employees are potentially likely to disturb the beliefs and customs that are in place. The organization will, therefore, ask to help new employees change to its culture. This conciliateation process is called socialization. This is when the organization seeks to mold the outsider into an employee in good standing. Employees who fail to learn the essential or pivotal agency doingss risk initiation labeled nonconformists or rebels, which often leads to expulsion. But the organization will be socializing every employee, though maybe not as explicitly, throughout his or her entire career in the organization. This fur ther contributes to sustaining the culture.2) Explain how an institutionalized culture can be a barrier to diversity. outline how an organization could utilize the terce forces at play in sustaining a culture to help form a diverse workforce.By limiting the range of acceptable values and styles, full-blooded cultures put considerable cart on employees to conform. In most instances, a voice little culture that condones prejudice can even undermine formal corporate diversity policies. Strong cultures can also be liabilities when they reinforcing stimulus institutional bias or become insensitive to people who are different.Hiring new employees who differ from the majority in race, age, gender, disability, or other characteristics creates a paradox management wants to demonstrate support for the differences these employees bring to the workplace, but newcomers who wish to fit in essential accept the organizations union cultural values. Because diverse behaviors and unique str engths are likely to diminish as people attempt to assimilate, strong cultures can become liabilities when they efficaciously eliminate these advantages. The explicit goal of the selection process is to identify and hire one-on-ones with the knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform successfully. Taking diversity into consideration at this phase does not have to be antagonistic to the culture.The final decision, because its significantly influenced by the decision makers judgment of how well the candidates will fit into the organization, identifies people whose values are essentially consistent with at least a good portion of the organizations. Looking beyond surface level differences at the selection phase will help create a diverse workforce. Through words and behavior, senior executives establish norms that filter through the organization about, for instance, whether risk taking is desirable, how much freedom managers should give employees, what is appropriate dress, and what actions pay off in terms of pay raises, promotions, and other rewards. Management actions should be inclusive and non-prejudicial to create a diverse and functional culture. During the metamorphosis decimal point of socialization management should use institutional practices to encourage personorganization fit and high levels of commitment.3) What are the terce stages of socialization through which employees become indoctrinated into an organizations culture?The three stages of socialization are prearrival, go through, and metamorphosis. a) The prearrival stage recognizes that individually individual arrives with a set of values, attitudes, and expectations. These cover boththe work to be done and the organization. b) Upon entry into the organization, the new member enters the encounter stage. Here the individual confronts the possible dichotomy between her expectations and reality. c) Finally, the new member must work out any problems discovered during the encounter stage. Thi s may mean going through changes hence, this is called the metamorphosis stage.4) Discuss the difference between strong and weak organisational cultures and discuss the effect that a strong culture can have on an acquisition or merger. Strong cultures have a greater impact on employee behavior and are more directly related to reduced turnover. In a strong culture, the organizations core values are both intensely held and widely shared. The more members who accept the core values and the greater their commitment to those values is, the stronger the culture is. A strong culture will have a great influence on the behavior of its members because the high degree of sharedness and intensity creates an internal climate of high behavioral control.One particularised result of a strong culture should be lower employee turnover. A strong culture demonstrates high agreement among members about what the organization stands for. Such unanimity of purpose builds cohesiveness, loyalty, and organi zational commitment. These qualities, in turn, lessen employees propensity to come forth the organization. In recent years, cultural compatibility has become the primary concern. All things being equal, whether the acquisition actually works seems to have more to do with how well the two organizations cultures match up. The primary cause of failure is conflicting organizational cultures, when people simply dont match up. Therefore, when considering an acquisition or merger, management would need to carefully mensurate the cultures of each organization.TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCETUTORIAL 4Topic 3 Foundations of Group Behavior Understanding Work TeamsPart A Discussion Question1) contestation and briefly describe the stages in the five-stage model of groupdevelopment. The five-stage group development model characterizes groups as proceeding through five distinguishable stages forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. a) Forming is characterized by a great deal of uncertainty about the groups purpose, structure, and leadershiphip. Members are testing the waters to determine what types of behavior are acceptable.b) In the storming stage, members accept the existence of the group, but there is resistance to the constraints that the group imposes on individuality. There is conflict over who will control the group.c) The third stage is one in which finishing dealingships develop and the group demonstrates cohesiveness. There is now a strong sense of group identify and camaraderie. This norming stage is complete when the group structure solidifies and the group has assimilated a common set of expectations of what marks correct member behavior. d) The fourth stage is performing. The structure at this point is fully functional and accepted. Group energy has moved from devil to know and understand each other to performing the task at hand.e) In the adjourning stage, the group prepares for its disbandment. High task accomplishment is no pineer the groups top priority. Instead, attention is directed toward wrapping up activities.2) Design the most effective team to figure out ways to reduce the number of preparation hours for transfer products overseas for your high society. Choose the type of team from one of the four principal team types. differentiate your teams context, composition, and process parameters.Answers will vary. A problem-solving team is probably the opera hat type of team for this task. In a problem-solving team members share ideas or suggest how work processes and methods can beimproved. The problem-solving team will offer ideas to management. unneurotic they discuss ways of improving quality, efficiency, and the work environment.The team will need information on what products are being shipped and howlong each of them takes, as well as details on the current procedures. Adequate information is essential. A firm goal of reducing the hours spent must be established b y a leader. The group should be comprised of workers and management with expertise in the shipping department procedures. The team should have five members, three management and two people from shipping and packaging. The process parameters should be distinctly outlined, with goals of exactly how much time needs to be shaved off of packaging processes.3) Explain the difference between groupthink and group shift. Give an example to support your answer.Groupthink is related to norms. It describes situations in which group pressures for conformity deter the group from critically appraising unusual, minority, or unpopular views. Groupthink is a disease that attacks many groups and can dramatically hinder their cognitive operation. Group shift indicates that in discussing a given set of alternatives and arriving at a solution, group members tend to exaggerate the initial positions that they hold. In some situations, caution dominates, and there is a conservative shift. more(prenominal ) often, however, the evidence indicates that groups tend toward a risky shift. Students answers may vary.TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCETUTORIAL 5Topic 4 Motivation ConceptsPart A Discussion Questions1) Compare and contrast a manager that implements speculation Y and one that adheres to the expectancy theory. How would each choose to trip their employees? possibleness Y managers assume that employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play, and therefore the average person can learn to accept, even seek, responsibility. surmisal Y assumes that higher- revision needs dominate individuals. Theory Y managers would contend that ideas such as participative decision making, responsible and challenging jobs, and good group relations are approaches that would maximize an employees jobmotivation. A Theory Y manager believes that the employee is inherently move as long as the conditions respect his intellect and character. A Theory Y manager wou ld work gravid to embroil the employee in decision making concerning his job, to satisfy work environment preferences, and to make sure the work is stimulating.Expectancy theory proposes that employees will be motivated to exert a high level of effort when they believe it will lead to a good surgical operation appraisal that a good appraisal will lead to organizational rewards such as bonuses, salary increases, or promotions and that the rewards will satisfy the employees personal goals. An expectancy theory manager would focus much more on the reward expectations of the employee, versus the psychologic expectations. It would be important for the manager to understand the personal goals that the employee strives to achieve so that he can be appropriately rewarded and praised.2) Describe Maslows hierarchy of needs including the types of needs and how they become dominant.Maslows hierarchy of needs hypothesized that within every gay being there exists a hierarchy of five needs.a) The physiologic needs include hunger, thirst, shelter, sex, and other bodily needs. b) Safety includes security and protection from physical and turned on(p) harm. c) Social includes affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship. d) Esteem includes internal esteem factors such as self-respect, autonomy, and achievement and external esteem factors such as status, recognition, and attention. e) Self-actualization is the drive to become what one is capable of becoming includes growth, achieving ones potential, and self-fulfillment.As each of these needs becomes substantially satisfied, the bordering need becomes dominant. So if you want to motivate someone, according to Maslow, you need to understand whatlevel of the hierarchy that person is currently on and focus on satisfying those needs at or above that level3) According to Two-Factor Theory, how might a manager motivate employees?According to Herzberg, the factors leading to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction. Therefore, managers who seek to eliminate factors that can create job dissatisfaction may bring about peace but not necessarily result in motivation. Conditions surrounding the job such as quality of supervision, pay, company policies, physical working conditions, relations with others, and job security were characterized by Herzberg as hygiene factors. When they are adequate, people will not be dissatisfied neither will they be satisfied. If we want to motivate people on their jobs, Herzberg suggested emphasizing factors associated with the work itself or to outcomes directly derived from it, such as promotional opportunities, opportunities for personal growth, recognition, responsibility, and achievement. These are the characteristics that people find intrinsically rewarding.TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCETUTORIAL 6Topic 5 Motivation From Concepts to ApplicationsPart A Discussion Questions1) List and describe THREE (3) different variable-pay programs. Be sure to include piece-rate plans, profit-sharing plans, and gainsharing.a) Piece-rate plans. In piece-rate pay plans, workers are paid a fixed sum for each unit of production completed. When an employee gets no base salary and is paid all for what he or she produces, this is a pure piece-rate plan.b) Merit- ground pay. Merit-based pay plans also pay for individual performance. However, unlike piece-rate plans, which pay based on preyive output, merit-based pay plans are based on performance appraisal ratings.c) Profit-sharing. Profit-sharing plans are organization-wide programs that distribute recompense based on some established formula designed around a companys profitably.d) Bonuses. Bonuses can be paid exclusively to executives or to all employees. Many companies now routinely reward production employees withbonuses in the thousands of dollars when company profits improve.e) Skill-Based Pay. Skill-based pay (also called competency- based or knowledge-based pay) sets pay levels on the basis of how many skills employees have or how many jobs they can do.f) ESOPs. Employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs) are company-established benefit plans in which employees dumbfound stock, often at below- securities industry prices, as part of their benefits.g) Gainsharing. Gainsharing is a formula-based group incentive plan. Improvements in group productivity determine the total amount of money that is to be allocated. By focusing on productivity gains rather than profits, gainsharing rewards specific behaviors that are less influenced by external factors. Employees in a gainsharing plan can cause incentive awards even when the organization isnt profitable. 2) Compare and contrast the benefits of intrinsic rewards such as recognition and extrinsic rewards such as pay as forms of motivation.Organizations are increasingly recognizing that both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards are important. Rewards are intrinsic in the form of employee recognition programs and extrinsic in the form of compensation systems. intrinsical rewards range from a spontaneous and private thank-you to widely publicized formal programs in which specific types of behavior are encouraged and the procedures for attaining recognition are clearly identified.Pay, an extrinsic reward, is not the primary factor driving job satisfaction, however, itdoes motivate people, and companies often underestimate its importance in keeping top talent. No matter how much recognition a top performer gets, he will be tempted to leave if the pay scale is much lower than the market and other offer arrives. Recent survey data indicate most employees dont see a strong connection between pay and performance. Variable pay structures, such as bonuses are often the best production motivators. When pay is tied to performance, the employees earnings also recognize contribution ratherthan being a form of entitlement. Over time, low performers pay stagnates, while high performers enjoy pay increases commensurate with their contributions.An obvious advantage of intrinsic rewards like recognition programs is that they are crummy since praise is free. However, they are highly susceptible to political manipulation by management. When applied to jobs for which performance factors are relatively objective, such as sales, recognition programs are likely to be perceived by employees as fair. However, in most jobs, the criteria for good performance arent self evident, which allows managers to manipulate the system and recognize their favorites. Abuse can undermine the value of recognition programs and demoralize employees. Research suggests financial incentives may be more motivating in the short term, but in the long run intrinsic incentives will retain good employees if the extrinsic incentives are competitive.3) What is employee involvement and why is it important. Give two examples. Employee involvement is defined as a participative process that uses the entire capacity of employees and is designed to encourage increased commitment to the organizations success. The underlying logic is that by involving workers in those decisions that affect them and by increasing their autonomy and control over their work lives, employees will become more motivated, more committed to the organization, more productive, and more satisfied with their jobs. Examples of employee involvement include a) Participative management. Participative management programs use joint decision making. Subordinates actually share a significant degree of decision-making power with their immediate winners.b) Representative participation. Representative participation refers to worker representation by a small group of employees who actually participate on the board. The goal is to redistribute power within an organization, putting labor on a more equal footing with the interests of management and stockholders.TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCETUTORIAL 7Topic 6 What do Managers Do LeadershipPart A Multiple Choice Questions1) Which of the following is most likely to be a belief held by a successful manager? A) good knowledge is all that is needed for success.B) It is not essential to have sound interpersonal skills.C) adept skills are essential, but insufficient alone for success. D) Effectiveness is not impacted by human behavior.E) Technical skills do not influence efficiency.2) Which of a managers primary functions requires the manager to define an organizations goals, establish an overall strategy for achieving these goals and develop a door-to-door hierarchy of plans to integrate and coordinate activities? A) controllingB) planningC) staffingD) coordinatingE) leading3) As a manager, one of Joes duties is to present awards to outstanding employees within his department. Which Mintzberg managerial role is Joe acting in when he does this? A) leadership roleB) liaison roleC) monitor roleD) figurehead roleE) s pokesperson role4) Jill is valued by her colleagues for her ability to perform effective break-even analysis on upcoming ventures. In this case, her colleagues value her for competencies that fall within which essential management skills categories?A) technicalB) colloquyC) humanD) conceptualE) education5) Leadership is best defined as ________.A) the ability to influence a group in goal achievementB) keeping order and consistency in the midst of changeC) implementing the vision and strategy provided by management D) coordinating and staffing the organization and handling day-to-day problems E) not a applicable variable in modern organizations6) The two dimensions of leadership behavior identified in the University of Michigan studies are ________.A) coercion and motivationB) emotional and rationalC) employee-oriented and production-orientedD) initiating structure and considerationE) initiation and completionPart B Discussion Questions1) Describe the three essential management ski lls that differentiate effective managers from ineffective ones. Provide a workplace example of how these skills could be use when dealing with the challenge of a workplace recession. The three essential management skills identified by researchers are technical, human, and conceptual.Technical skills are defined by the ability to apply specialized knowledge or expertise. Human skills are defined by the ability to work with, understand, and motivate other people. Finally, conceptual skills are defined by the ability to analyze and diagnose complex situations.In a time of recession human skills are essential to motivate fearful employees and to create a positive work environment. They would also be necessary in the event of workplace staff reduction. Technical skills could be applied in the area of expertise to raise production and, combined with conceptual skills, can be used to look for small market niches and ways to analyze the industry to continue to make a profit until times are better.TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCETUTORIAL 8Topic 7 LeadershipPart A Multiple Choice Questions1) Hersey and Blanchard developed which of the following?A) situational leadership theoryB) cognitive resource theoryC) managerial control grid modelD) path-goal theoryE) cognitive orientation model2) Hersey and Blanchards leadership theory differs from other leadership theories primarily because it ________.A) explores the role of the expectations of the leader for the follower B) focuses on the followingC) holds that leadership style should be dependent on the situation D) is normativeE) deals strictly and exclusively with contingencies3) What is the main principle of path-goal theory?A) Successful leadership is achieved by selecting the right leadership style. B) Stress is a form of situational unfavorableness and a leaders reaction to it depends on his or her intelligence and experience.C) Effective group performance depends on the proper match betw een the leaders style and the degree to which the situation gives control to the leader. D) Leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of their followers because of time pressures.E) The leader is responsible for providing followers with the information, support, or other resources necessary for them to do their jobs.4) Which of the following is not a trace characteristic of a charismatic leader? A) sensitivity to follower needsB) unconventional behaviorC) vision and articulationD) task orientationE) willingness to take risks5) Researchers are conducting a study of a company called Acme Corp, which they believe to be led by a transformational leader. Which of the following, if true, would most support the conclusion that Acmes leader is a transformational leader? A) Acmes top managers often conflict over defining the organizations goals. B) Acmes goals tend to be very ambitious and to hold personal value for employees.C) Creativity is discouraged among Acme employe es.D) Acme managers are cautious and rarely take risks.E) Acmes compensation plans are designed to reward short-term results. 6) Leaders who straighten out role and task requirements to accomplish established goals exhibit a _________ style of leadership.A) transformationalB) transactionalC) charismaticD) self-initiatingE) situational7) Richard is a transactional leader who has just assigned a series of tasks to a project team. Which of the following is most likely to be true about the teams performance under Richards guidance?A) They will set new standards of productivity for the department, prodigious Richards expectations.B) They will meet the goals set for them but are unlikely to go beyond those goals. C) They will tend to be unclear about the roles assigned to each team member. D) They will be highly motivated by what they view as Richards heroic or extraordinary qualities.E) They will tend to put their individual self-interest above the interests of the company. Part B Disc ussion Questions1)Compare and contrast Hersey and Blanchards situational leadership theory with Houses path-goal theory.Hersey and Blanchards situation leadership theory is a contingency theorythat focuses on the followers. Successful leadership is achieved by selecting the right leadership style, which Hersey and Blanchard argue is contingent on the level of the followers readiness. The emphasis on the followers in leadership effectiveness reflects the reality that it is the followers who accept or reject the leaders. The term readiness refers to the extent to which people have the ability and willingness to accomplish a specific task. SLT says if a follower is unable and unwilling to do a task, the leader needs to give clear and specific directions if followers are unable and willing, the leader needs to display high task orientation to compensate for the followers lack of ability and high relationship orientation to get the follower to secure into the leaders desires if follower s are able and unwilling, the leader needs to use a supportive and participative style and if the employee is both able and willing, the leader doesnt need to do much. Path-goal theory was developed by Robert House.The essence of the theory is that its the leaders job to assist followers in attaining their goals and to provide the necessary direction and/or support to ensure that their goals are compatible with the overall objectives of the group or organization. The term path-goal is derived from the belief that effective leaders clarify the path to help their followers get from where they are to theachievement of their work goals and make the journey along the path easier by reducing roadblocks. House identified four leadership behaviors.The directive leader lets followers know what is expected of them, schedules work to be done, and gives specific guidance as to how to accomplish tasks. The supportive leader is friendly and shows concern for the needs of followers. The participat ive leader consults with followers and uses their suggestions before making a decision. The achievement-oriented leader sets challenging goals and expects followers to perform at their highest level. House assumes that leaders are flexible and that the same leader can display any or all of these behaviors depending on the situation.TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCETUTORIAL 9Topic 8 CommunicationPart A Multiple Choice Questions1) Communication exercises all of the following functions within a group or organization except ________.A) motivationB) planningC) emotional expressionD) controlE) conveying information2) Alejandro is annoyed that the new recruit, Ben, is working faster than anyone else in the group, making the rest of the group look bad. In the company cafeteria Alejandro teases Ben and calls him the super recruit and imitates his style of working so rapidly. Alejandro wants to intimidate Ben so that he will work slower. Which function of commun ication is Alejandro using by making fun of Ben?A) motivationB) controlC) expressionD) informationE) formal3) Helena and Laura were talking on the phone. Lauras two year old son fell and started scream and Laura could no longer hear what Helena said. This is an example of ________.A) transmittingB) decodingC) noiseD) understandingE) analysis4) The communication used by managers to provide job instructions is ________ communication.A) downwardB) squintyC) formalD) directionalE) diagonalPart B Discussion Questions1)Describe the communication process. Include the communication process model and let off the eight parts of this model.Before communication can take place, a purpose, expressed as a message to be conveyed, is needed. It passes between a sender and a receiver. The message is encoded (converted to a symbolic form) and passed by way of some medium (channel) to the receiver, who retranslates (decodes) the message initiated by the sender. The result is a transfer of meaning fr om one person to another.The key parts of the communication process are1)the sender2)encoding3)the message4)the channel5)decoding6)the receiver7)noise8)feedbackThe source initiates a message by encoding a thought. The message is the actual physical product from the source encoding. The channel is the medium through which the message travels. The receiver is the object to whom the message is directed. The symbols must be translated into a form that can be understood by the receiver. This is the decoding. Noise represents communication barriers that distort the clarity of the message. The final unite is a feedback loop.2) Explain how the grapevine functions and why it exists in organizational communication. Describe the general direction of communication and the form of communication most commonly used in the grapevine. What can a manager do to limit the negative effects of the grapevine?The informal communication system is the grapevine. While it is informal it is silent an importan t source of information. A survey found that 75 percent of employees hear about matters first through recitals on the grapevine. The grapevine has three main characteristics. First, it is not controlled by management. Second, most employees perceive it as more believable and reliable than formal communiqus issued by top management. Finally, it is largely used to serve the interests of the people within it. Rumors emerge as a response to situations that are important to us, when there is ambiguity, and under conditions that arouse anxiety.The fact that work situations frequently stomach these three elements explains why rumors flourish in organizations. The secrecy and competition that typically prevail in large organizations, encourage and sustain rumors on the grapevine. A rumor will persist either until the wants and expectations creating the uncertainty are fulfilled or the anxiety has been reduced.The grapevine generally follows lateral communication in which persons from the same hierarchical levels begin to relay messages. Very rarely does management participate in the grapevine. In fact, one study reported that management only relayed messages to the grapevine ten percent of the time. Generally oral communication is used to relay grapevine information, although written e-mail can be used as well, but is considered less safe for accountability reasons.Managers can not entirely eliminate rumors. What they should do is minimize the negative consequences of rumors by limiting their range and impact. The best way to reduce the negative consequences of rumors is to 1) Provide information 2) Explain actions and decisions that may appear inconsistent, unfair, or secretive 3) Refrain from shooting the messenger and 4)Maintain open communication channels.TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCETUTORIAL 10Topic 9 Conflict ManagementPart A Multiple Choice Questions1) The traditional view of conflict is the belief that conflict is ________. A) harmfulB) naturalC) necessaryD) situationally-dependentE) neutral2) Which of the following is not a cause of conflict, according to the traditionalist view? A) general distressing communication between peopleB) lack of openness in the organizationC) trust between people in the organizationD) management failure to be responsive to employee needsE) management failure to be responsive to employee aspirations 3) The ________ view of conflict argues that conflict is necessary for a group to perform effectively.A) human relationsB) interactionistC) traditionalD) functionalE) reactive4) ________ conflicts are almost always dysfunctional.A) TaskB) JobC) RelationshipD) ProcessE) Functional5) The first stage of the conflict process is termed ________. A) cognition and personalizationB) behavioral manifestationC) potential opposition or incompatibilityD) intentionE) habituation6) High job specialization can lead to ________ conflict.A) communicationB) structuralC) personal-variableD) job-r elatedE) team7) In which stage are conflict issues defined?A) potential oppositionB) cognition and personalizationC) intuitionsD) behaviorE) reaction and transference8) The conflict-handling intention of collaborating is ________. A) cocky and uncooperativeB) assertive and cooperativeC) unassertive and uncooperativeD) unassertive and cooperativeE) affective and reflective9) Angelina feels that her cubicle neighbor talks too loudly on the phone, but in other ways she is a great neighbor. Angelina gets annoyed every time her neighbors phone rings, but she has decided its simply not price the trouble to talk to her neighbor. Angelinas conflict intention is called ________.A) competingB) avoidingC) accommodatingD) compromisingE) collaborating10) Which of the following is not a conflict-resolution technique? A)creating superordinate goalsB) appointing a devils advocateC) avoiding the conflictD) use authoritative commandE) generating additional resources11) Stage II of the conflict proce ss deals with conflict being ________. A) perceived and feltB) apparent and experiencedC) expressed and perceivedD) overt and covertE) internalized12) Irma does not like a few of the standard operating procedures adapted for the new project. However, she discussed the items with the team and told them that she realizedshe was in the minority and that she would adapt the new procedures to maintain smooth operations within the team. This type of intention is called ________. A) sacrificingB) accommodatingC) collaboratingD) compromisingE) competingTUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCETUTORIAL 11Topic 10 king and PoliticsPart A Multiple Choice Questions1) Power can be defined as ________.A) the ability to influence the behavior of othersB) the actualization of the dependency of othersC) congruence between the goals of the leader and those being led D) downward influence on ones followersE) upward influence on ones leaders2) One reacts to ________ power out of fear of the negative ramifications that might result if one fails to comply.A) legitimateB) coerciveC) punitiveD) referentE) abusive3) The power that the College doyen has been granted by the University over the faculty is termed ________ power.A) academicB) positionalC) legitimateD) organizationalE) balanced4) Power tactics can be defined as ________.A) the only legitimate sources of powerB) techniques for translating power bases into specific action C) strategies for gathering and maintain supportD) organizational structural characteristicsE) approaches for winning arguments5) Vivian has not been handling one portion of her duties in a satisfactory manner. As a result, her manager threatens to withhold her promotion. Which power tactic is being used?A) exchangeB) ingratiationC) pressureD) personal appealsE) inspirational appealsPart B Discussion Questions1) Contrast leadership and power.Power does not require goal compatibility, merely dependence. Leadership, on the other hand, re quires some congruence between the goals of the leader and those being led. A second difference relates to the direction of influence. Leadership focuses on the downward influence on ones followers. Itminimizes the importance of lateral and upward influence patterns. Power does not.Still another difference deals with research emphasis. Leadership research, for the most part, emphasizes style. It seeks answers to such questions as How supportive should a leader be? How much decision making should be shared with followers? The research on power encompasses a broader area and focus on tactics for gaining compliance. Power can be used by groups as well as by individuals to control other individuals or groups. 2) List and discuss the bases of personal power. individualized power comes from an individuals unique characteristics. Two bases of personal power are expertise, the respect and admiration of others.a) Expert power is influence wielded as a result of expertise, special skill, or k nowledge. Expertise has become one of the most powerful sources of influence as the world has become more technologically oriented.b) Referent power is based on identification with a person who has desirable resources or personal traits. If I like, respect, and admire you, you can exercise power over me because I want to please you.3) Distinguish between legitimate political behavior and illegitimate political behavior.Legitimate political behavior refers to normal everyday politics complain to your supervisor, bypassing the chain of command, forming coalitions, obstructing organizational policies or decisions through inaction or excessive adherence to rules, and developing contacts outside the organization through ones professional activities.On the other hand, there are also illegitimate political behaviors that violate the implied rules of the game. Those who pursue such extreme activities are often described as individuals who play hardball. illicit activities include sabotage , whistleblowing, and symbolic protests such as wearing unorthodox dress or protest buttons, and groups of employees simultaneously calling in sick.TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCETUTORIAL 12Topic 11 Human Resource Policies and Practices (Human Resource Planning Forecasting, Recruitment)Part A Discussion Questions1) Define human resource planning. Describe the TWO (2) components in human resource planning.Human resource planning is the systematic process of matching the internal and external supply of people with job openings anticipated in the organization over a specific period of time. Human resource planning has 2 components requirements and availability. A requirements forecast involves determining the number, skill, and mending of employees the organization will need at incoming dates in order to meet its goals. The determination of whether the firm will be able to secure employees with the necessary skills, and from what sources, is called an availability forecast. 2) Describe human resource databases and how databases can assist in matching internal employees to positions.A human resource database contains employee information that permits management to make HR decisions. Information that might appear in such databases, includes, but is not limited to, the following work history and experience, specific skills and knowledge, licenses or certifications held, organizational readiness completed, educational background, previous performance appraisal evaluations, assessment of strengths and weaknesses, development needs, promotion potential at present, and with further development, current job performance, field of specialization, job preferences, geographic preferences, career goals and aspirations, anticipated retirement date, and personal history, including psychological assessments. Databases are being used by organizations to enable human resources to match people with positions.3) List TWO (2) methods are available to firms when either a shortage or surplus of workers is forecasted?Firms faced with a shortage of workers may use1)2)3)4)innovative recruiting,compensation incentives, andtraining programs to fill positions.Lowering of employment standardsFirms faced with a surplus of workers may use1)2)3)4)5)layoffs,restricted hours,hiring freezes may be necessary, andencourage early retirement andthe use of vacation time.TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCETUTORIAL 13Topic 12 Human Resource Policies and Practices (Selection)Part A Multiple Choice Questions1) Which of the following is the most common method of initial selection? A) written testsB) background checkC) performance testD) application formE) work-sample test2) More than ________ percent of employers conduct some type of background check on potential employees during some point in the hiring process, usually either in the initial phase or the contingent phase.A) 25B) 50C) 65D) 80E) 953) The best way for an emp loyer to find out if a potential employee can do a job is by ________.A) using the interview processB) using a written testC) having them spend a day in the officeD) administering an IQ testE) using a performance simulation test4) Work sample tests are widely used in hiring ________.A) unlearned laborB) skilled workersC) professional workersD) managersE) knowledge workers5) The results of which of the following tend to have a disproportionate amount of influence on employee selection decisions?A) interviewsB) written testsC) performance simulation testsD) work sampling methodsE) personality tests6) The behavioral structured interview is built on the assumption that________. A) past behavior is the best predictor of future behaviorB) technical knowledge and skills are the best predictor of job performance C) personality is the best predictor of job performanceD) personality and climate are highly correlatedE) technical knowledge and mood are highly correlatedPart B TRUE /FALSE Ques tions1) As a selection device, written tests have decreased in usage during the past 20 years. (TRUE /FALSE)2) A test that measures factors such as dependability, carefulness, responsibility, and honesty is referred to as a performance factor test.(TRUE /FALSE)3) Work samples yield validities almost consistently superior to written aptitude tests. (TRUE /FALSE)4) In assessment centers, job candidates are evaluated as they go through several days of exercises that simulate real problems they would confront on the job. (TRUE /FALSE)TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGEABDM2083 ORGANIZATION HUMAN RESOURCETUTORIAL 14Topic 13 14 Human Resource Policies and Practices (Performance Evaluation)Part A Multiple Choice Questions1) Performance evaluations today are generally based on which three types of behavior? A) task performance, productivity, tenureB) productivity, efficiency, absenteeismC) task performance, citizenship, counterproductivityD) citizenship, counterproductivity, personalityE) leadersh ip, training, efficiency2) Performance evaluations are used as a mechanism for all of the followingexcept ________.A) monitoring the success of marketing strategiesB) determining promotionsC) pinpointing employees skillsD) identifying training and development needsE) providing feedback to employees3) Which of the following is not a weakness of the 360-degree evaluation system? A) artificially inflated feedback from peersB) insufficient training for performance evaluatorsC) discrepancies between evaluating groupsD) provides a wide performance perspectiveE) difficulties in reconciling differing evaluations4) Performance evaluations are used to ________.A) improve group cohesivenessB) define departmental structureC) help management make HR decisionsD) identify how jobs are completedE) decrease conformity within organizations5) Which of the following is the least predictive set of criteria used to evaluate employees?A) traitsB) task outcomesC) behaviorsD) personalityE) moodPart B Discu ssion Questions1) What are the three most popular sets of criteria for evaluating employee performance?The three most popular sets of criteria for evaluating employee performance are individual task outcomes, behaviors, and traits.a) If ends count, rather than means, then management should evaluate an employees task outcomes. In many cases, its difficult to identify specific outcomes that can be directly attributable to an employees actions.b) Its not unusual for management to evaluate the employees behavior. c) The weakest set of criteria, yet one that is widely used by organizations is individual traits. They are weaker because they are farthest removed from the actual performance of the job itself.2) Who should perform employee evaluations?With many of todays organizations using self-managed teams, telecommuting, and other organizing devices that distance bosses from their employees, an employees immediate superior may not be the most reliable judge of that employees performance. Thus, in more and more cases, peers and even subordinates are being asked to participate in the performance evaluation process. Also, increasingly, employees are participating in their own performance evaluation. In most situations, in fact, it is highly advisable to use multiple sources of ratings. Any individual performance rating may say as much about the rater as about the person being evaluated. By averaging across raters, we can meet a more reliable, unbiased, and accurate performance evaluation.

Sustainable Township Development In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay

Sustain qualified town Development In Malaysia Environmental Sciences analyse agree to Paul-Marie Boulanger, the concept of sustainable emergence was originally same as the sustainability. Both of these terms were derived from an older forestry term sustained yield, which was a translation of German term nachhaltigerErtag since 1713. From various sources, it was shown that the concept of sustainability in the sense of a balance between the white plague and reproduction of resources was already been applied in the 12th to sixteenth century.Adans, W.N. (2006) express that, the history of the concept of sustainability is much older than what was judge. Since during 400 BCE, Aristotle was referred to a similar Greek concept in talking about ho utilizehold economics. The source use of the term sustainable in the modern sense was by the Club of Rom in March 1972 in making the report of Limits to Growth, which was written by a group of scientists led by Dennis and Donella Meadows of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Ar Dr Tan Loke Mun once said that, nursery bollocksses and ozone depletion became household devises succeeding(a) the Earth Summit in Rio, 1992 and since then, Green building ratings began to be veritable all about the world. UK had developed BREEAM as their rating tool USA had developed LEED as their rating tool whereas for Malaysia, GBI was developed as Green rating tool in Malaysia. He to a fault said that, the GBI Malaysia was introduced on 3rd January 2009 at the Green Design Forum which was held at Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre.As stated by Jackson, T. Michaelis, L. (2003), the concept of sustainability do-nothing be linked to human knowledge which was originated in the 1970s with books such(prenominal) as Goldsmiths blueprint for Surviva (1972) and the Club of Romes Limits to Growth (1972). In the same year, 1972, the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, in Stockholm set up the spotlight on the reconciliation of environment and economic development.From what was told by Ar Dr Tan Loke Mun, after the realization that buildings and the built development contributes signifi asstly to the greenhouse gas firings, all the buildings and development needed to be re-designed to minimize the negative repair which testament be imposed to the environment. By using GBI rating tools as reference, the terminal built product pull up stakes perform better in its location while minimizing the negative impacts released to the surroundings during development.1.2 Problem Statement jibe to Punitha Silivarajoo (2009), there be m whatever negative impacts which arise from the live development skill. For instance, loss of income from polluted resources such as rivers and b apiecees, loss of ecosystem work, and the most serious factor is that, it bring into the arranges of humour change and globose warming. Climate change good deal work several chain reactions such as flash flood which gambles co mmonly in Kuala Lumpur reach.From what was told by our Prime Minister of Malaysia, Dato Sri Mohd Najib (2011), the worst scenarios of climate disasters due to the global effects of carbon copy emissions and climate change should not be taken lightly. The building and structure sector which accounts nearly 40% of the worlds zip fastener consumption eventually contributing to the climate change and global warming due to the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases which catchd by the current development. He besides said that, the Green create Index Township woodpecker was introduced and implemented to set out a resource for sustainability indoors the built environment which provides guidance to attend to the State and Local Authorities, developers, builders and professionals to deliver more environment-friendly and sustainable townspeoples and communities. in that locationfore, this research was carried out to identify why the sustainable township development is being u sed in Malaysia nowadays as well as the impact of emission of carbonic acid gas.1.3 AimTo study why sustainable township development is being used in Malaysia.1.4 ObjectivesTo identify the reasons why implement sustainable township development in Malaysia.To identify what will happen in future if current development continues without implementing sustainable township.To identify what are the criteria need to be taken care during implementation of sustainable township development.1.5 speculationThe sustainable township development is being implemented because it gives many advantages over its disadvantages as compared to the non-sustainable township development. The negative impacts from non-sustainable township development are eventually causation many problems to the environment.1.6 Research MethodologiesAccording to Kumar (2005), placing of literature review is one of the essential preliminary tasks when you intend to undertake a research study is to go through with(predicate) the literature in order to acquaint yourself with the knowledge in the field you interesting in. He also said that literature review can supporter to make a valuable contribution to almost every operational step in the research.As what were said by Richard Fellows Anite Liu (2008), there are ii major types of entropy collection primary data and secondary data. Primary data are sources which can be gained by the researcher as stodgy as possible to what was happened during the event or quantify whereas secondary data are sources which can be gathered through interpretation or analysing of data and is usually based on primary data.From what was told by Dawson, Catherine (2002) in the Practical Research Methods, primary data is data that being collected for the first time secondary date is data which have been already collected and analysed by fewone else. Observation is one of the common methods which are being used as primary data collection.In this research, brainnaire will b e set and distributed to the person who involves themselves in the construction industry such as contractor, quantity surveyor and architect. Example of the question that will be asked to them is about their thinking of current township development in Malaysia whether it is sustainable or not. About 30 to 50 copies of questionnaire will be distributed to the respondents.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 What is Sustainable Township?In regards with GBI (2012), Sustainable Township was defined as liveable places which meet the diverse take of the community, twain now and in the future. These places are providing a high quality of life for the people who lives, work and play there by being well plan and designed, safe and secure, and enhances the surrounding environment. It also mentioned that the basis on the concept of sustainable development is the balanced approached to addressing the environmental, social and economic issues.Sustainable Townships are integrated plotted habitats wh ich focus on the interior of the buildings, architectural design of the buildings, as well as the living environment by emphasize on maximizing energy and resource savings, the use and recycling of natural resources, and also promoting the common health and general welfare of urban population and reducing the negative impacts that surround the environment. opposite than that, Sustainable Townships are also well landscaped and providing the basic needs or amenities for human being, for example, parks and playgrounds which can be used to meliorate the interaction and integration among the local communities. In response with the 10th Malaysia Plan, several steps are being taken by the Ministry of Housing and Local establishment to ensure the needs of current and future communities by stimulating the rapid growth of urbanization which is expected to increase from 67% in 2010 to 75% by 2020.Green Building Index (GBI) and GBI Township marionette were introduced as advisable Malaysia r ating system in promoting the Green Technology as a parvenue driver for the economic growth of the country by offering tremendous opportunities and potentials in the economic regeneration, innovation and wealth creation. Pertubuhan Arkitek Malaysia (PAM) and the Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia (ACEM)s initiatives in introducing the GBI Township Tool (version II) are being appreciated very much as the green transformation can be taken into the next level, as well as in line with the Governments New Economic Model, which is to become a high-income nation that is both inclusive and sustainable by the year of 2020.According to TimothyBeatley, the word sustainability was derived from the Latin word sustinere which means to hold. Various dictionaries had defined various meaning of sustainability, but the main one to be referred here having the meaning of maintain, support or endure. For the word township, is defined as a city. Thus, by combining these information, sustainabl e township development can be explained as a development of city which can maintain or support longer with better quality than the new(prenominal) township development.From Brundland Report (1987), sustainable township development was defined as an development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. From the report, there are twain pick up concepts contained within it the concept of needs, which means to which overriding priority should be given and secondly the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environments ability to meet the needs of both present and future.2.2 Why Implement Sustainable Townships DevelopmentOn September, 2011, our Prime Minister, Dato Sri Mohd Najib had announced plans for a minor Carbon Cities Framework and Assessment arranging to bring Malaysia into a low carbon economy and he made a promise that the carbon dioxide emissions wil l be abridged by 40% by 2020 compared to 2005. It is his aspiration to develop both Putrajaya and Cyberjaya as shining examples of eco-friendly townships and replicating it in other towns and cities across Malaysia. In other words, Putrajaya and Cyberjaya will be the first two Sustainable Township in Malaysia.According to Warren Kerlenzig, 2009, some of our biggest challenges in cutting carbon to reduce global climate change will be in understanding the system dynamics that the cities and other corporation or neighborhoods comprise. Therefore, GBI Township Tool was set out for Sustainable Township Development for sustainability within the built environment and to provide guidance that is able to deliver the Sustainable Townships in the Malaysia Context.A scientist in the 19th century, Svantte Arrhenius, said that gases in the atmosphere cause a greenhouse effect which affects the planets temperature. He had calculated that the carbon emissions from human industry might someday cont ribute to global warming, which is happening nowadays. At that time, the other scientists dismissed his thought as faulty. Since 1938, the level of carbon dioxide was increasing and raising global temperature. Then only the argument was found implausible. Researchers found that gases, especially carbon dioxide, which mostly being produced from construction industry, play a crucial role in the climate change and the rising level would gravely affect our future.Tony Cooper, 2007, said that there are different scenarios which cause the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and all of these eventually contributed to global warming. He also said that, the global warming is caused by the emission of greenhouse gases, and 72% of the total emitted greenhouse gas is CO2. CO2 is created when fossil fuels such as oil, diesel and natural gas are being burned. The CO2 emitted have been dramatically increasing within these last 50 years and it is still increasing.The CO2 is being taken as serious fac tors in contributing to global warming because it can remain in the atmosphere for at least 80 years and can be up to 200 years. According to the recent investigation, if the global temperatures keep on increasing by more than 2 C, an unimaginable catastrophic which will change in the environment is expected to take place. From the information above, it can be concluded the CO2 which released from current development will contribute to the greenhouse effect which eventually become global warming, which is one of the hot topic being discussed all around the world. Therefore, to overcome the problem of global warming, the emission of greenhouse effect must be reduced, and to reduce the effect of greenhouse, the most effective way is by minimizing the CO2 emission especially in the construction industry.EmitsContributes toCurrent DevelopmentCO2Greenhouse takeGlobal warmingCausesFigure Negative impacts of current Township Development2.2.1 Impacts of Global WarmingGlobal warming happen s due to increase in air temperature. There are several chain effects which will occur due to global warming.2.2.1.1 Melting of Polar Ice CapsThe deadliest effect of global warming is hook of sea level. When the sea level is raised, the polar ice caps will definitely be melted by the body of water. Ice caps are white in touch and thus it helps in reflect the sunlight, which helps in cooling our earth. If the ice caps are melted, the only sunlight is the ocean, thus the temperature all around the world will be increased. Since ice caps are fresh water, if they are melted, desalinization of sea water will occur. The sea water will become less salty, and it will cause species that live in the sea to face the problem of extinction.2.2.1.2 Increased the probability and intensity of droughts and heat wavesAs global warming happens, some areas of the earth will become wetter, but some other areas will suffer the problems of droughts and heat waves, such as Africa. Now, the water is alre ady a scarce commodity in Africa, the global warming will worsen the condition.2.2.1.3 Changes in Seasons and Seasonal CharactersDifferent areas have their own seasons and seasonal character. However, global warming will results in changes of these seasons and seasonal character. Most of the areas will no longer have the summer or winter seasons. Due to change in air temperature and rainfall patterns, the seasons will also be preponed or postponed.2.2.1.4 Spreading of DiseasesDue to change in environment, many species may not be able to suit themselves in the newly changed environment and facing dead. Thus, many of these species will die and their corpses which are not taken care will cause new diseases to occur and spreading all around the world unpredictably. Some of these diseases may even cause death. Poor areas with poor medical facilities will definitely suffering much more than the others.2.2.2 Merits of Implementing Sustainable Township DevelopmentImplementation of sustaina ble township development not only helps in reducing the carbon emission but also giving some others benefits. For instance, sustainable township development uses sustainable design which helps in maximizing the energy efficiency by using sustainable energy such as solar energy. This not only helps the residents to reduce their cost for electricity exercising but also helps in reducing the emission of CO2 because CO2 is emitted from the usage of electricity. Other than energy efficiency, water efficiency can also be done.Next, sustainable township development helps in reducing the contaminations. Most of the non-sustainable township development will cause pollutions in term of air, water as well as sound pollution. In sustainable township development, all the industrial area will be placed on the edges of the township and is some distance to the residential area. This can help in reducing sound pollution caused by industrial area to the residential area. Other than sound pollution, air pollution problem can also be solved. Some more, unlike the non-sustainable township development, in this sustainable township development, the pollution will be controlled by introducing a clearer and practice of site sedimentation. This means that the water pollution can be prevented as well.Besides, more green spaces such as public park, playground, community run herb garden, and also recreational lakes will be provided in a sustainable township. This can actually create a healthy and lively community. It was said that greenery helps to release our stress especially when tiring after working for a whole day. Presence of lakes enables the community to spend their time over there with their beloved family during the weekend or holidays. The water quality of the lakes will be maintained at high quality all the time.One of the main merits of a sustainable township is the sustainable transportation network. The transportation network provided is well connected to all places with in the township. It is an ease for the residential to go everywhere they want as long as in the township. In other non-sustainable township, the problems always go about by the residents are the transportation problems. The public transport such as buses and taxi are hardly available during certain period of time or at some areas. In sustainable township, the residents no longer have to worry about the problem of transportation as public transport such as buses and taxi is available everywhere from time to time. The road will also be designed in the best way to minimize or even avoid the traffic jam problem, which is also another problem that faced by everyone in the non-sustainable township, especially during the peak hour.When a new sustainable township is being developed, there will be many companies going to venture. Thus, the rate of employment will be increased. In addition, the residents in the township able to find a job which near their houses. Since the working place is j ust near to their houses, most of them will either walk or take public transport such as buses instead of driving, which will help in reduce the probability of traffic jam.2.2.3 Incentives Given by GovernmentIn packaging of sustainable township development, two main incentives are given by out Malaysia Government. Firstly, is the tax immunity for green building user? According to GBI, 2011, any person who incurs qualifying expenditure (QE) to obtain GBI certification for a building used for his business qualifies for tax exemption. This tax incentive provides exemption on the statutory income which is equivalent to 100% of that expenditure. The qualifying expenditure is also known as the Green Building Cost Sum, which means an additional expenditure incurred in likeness to construction of a building, alteration, renovation, extension or improvement of an existing building. The exemption can be up to 100% of statutory income for each year of perspicacity. According to the guideli nes issued by Lembaga Hasil Dalam Negeri Malaysia (LHDNM), any unutilised QE can be carried forward to subsequent years of assessment until the amount is fully exempted and this tax exemption only applies once for each building certified from 24 October 2009 until 31 December 2014.The second incentive given by the Malaysia Government is stamp work exemption. According to GBI, 2011, the stamp duty exemption provides exemption on instruments of transfer of ownership of buildings and residential properties acquired from property developers and awarded GBI certificate. The exemption is on the additional cost of the property incurred to obtain the GBI certificate. According to LHDNM, the exemption is only given for the first transfer of ownership of the building and for sales and purchase agreements executed from 24 October 2009 until 31 December 2014 and once certified, the applicants can outcry for the tax exemption or stamp duty exemption in their annual Income Tax return Forms.2.3 GBI Township ToolTo identify whether a township development is sustainable or not, GBI township tool will be used. The varies Green Rating tools such as GBI Townships Tools are being used to assist the architects, designers, builders, planners, developer as well as the end users to exposed themselves to the impact of each and every of the design choices well in moving towards to be more environmentally-friendly. The developer can take this GBI township tool as a reference before the commencement of development.6 key criteria in GBI Township ToolClimate, Energy body of water (CEW)Ecology Environment (EEC)Community Planning Design (CPD)Transportation Connectivity (TRC)Building Resources (BDR)Business Innovation (BSI)Figure 6 key criteria in GBI Township Tool2.4 GBI Assessment Criteria for Sustainable Townships Development in Malaysia2.4.1 Climate, Energy Water (CEW)To minimise the impact on the environment by practicing energy efficiency, water efficiency and sustainable deve lopment. These can be achieved by minimising the impact of heat island effect, minimising the energy consumption, and also utilising the renewable energy technology such as micro-generation. Other than that, the on-going production and consumption of energy and water will be balanced. In order to achieve the aim of zero net carbon emissions, the passive design principles are maximised, as well as adopting the onsite energy generation. Water efficiency can be achieved through the reduction of main water consumption, rainwater harvesting and grey water recycling. Grey water is water comes from the laundry machines, dish-washes, bathtubs, and sinks. It does not include any human waste or sewerage.This criterion holds a maximum of 20 points for the apportioning of points in the Township Tool. The following are the key issues and assessment criteriaHeat Island Design Principles 4 reference worksEfficient Streetscape Greenspace Lighting 2 assignOn Site Green Generation 2 computer add resssRenewable Energy 4 assentsReduced Water Use 4 creditsreducing in Water Waste 4 credits2.4.2 Environmental Ecology (EEC)The impact on the environment can be minimised by adopting several practices as well as preserving the site ecology and biodiversity. Respect and do not destroy the surrounding environment and the native ecological systems. Always be slender to the needs of the local ecology and biodiversity. Preserve and enhance the ecological value of the environment. This can helps in stabilising the land which will also reduce the impact during flooding.This criterion holds a maximum of 15 points for the allocation of points in the Township Tool. The following are the key issues and assessment criteriaBiodiversity Conservation 2 credits arrive Reuse 1 creditEcology 3 creditsFlood Management and Avoidance 1 creditWetland and Water Body Conservation 1 creditAgricultural Land Preserve 1 creditHill Slope Development 1 creditSustainable Stormwater Design Management 2 credits Proximity to Existing Infrastructure 1 creditServices Infrastructure Provision 1 creditLight Pollution 1 credit2.4.3 Community Planning Design (CPD)To minimise the impacts on the environment and also to promote community connectivity and participation, the site should be chosen wisely and the space should be planned accordingly. The township is planned and designed for the benefits of the community who live, work or play there. It will be created using an integrated way to master the provision and the best design which emphasising on the peoples priority and also greenery. These can help in creating a strong sense of place for communities which will then results in a more livable and diverse neighbourhoods.This criterion holds a maximum of 26 points for the allocation of points in the Township Tool. The following are the key issues and assessment criteriaGreenspaces 3 creditsCompact Development 1 creditAmenities for Communities 3 creditsProvision for Universal Accessibility 3 cred its undertake Design 2 creditsHealth in Design 2 creditsRecycling Facilities 2 creditsCommunity Diversity 1 creditsAffordable Housing 1 creditsCommunity Thrust 4 creditsGovernance 4 credits2.4.4 Transportation and Connectivity (TRC)To reduce the impacts caused by transportation, low-cost and sustainable transportation network will be provided within the development and linkages outside the development. The township will be a well-connected place with the services of varies transportation options to ease the community. It will provide an excellent accessibility, connectivity and are well linked to most of the districts.This criterion holds a maximum of 14 points for the allocation of points in the Township Tool. The following are the key issues and assessment criteriaGreen Transport Masterplan 8 creditsAvailability and Frequency of Public Transport 1 creditFacilities for Public Transportation 1 creditPedestrian Networks 1 creditCycling Networks 2 creditsAlternative Transport Options 1 credit2.4.5 Building ResourcesPractice of sustainable construction to reduce the impacts due to consumption of primary resources. To lower the impact on resources, the more from less principle is applied. The need will be emphasized to maximise the use of highly resource-intensive materials through using a life cycle approach. The local materials and resources will be made healthy use for the construction of new communities.This criterion holds a maximum of 15 points for the allocation of points in the Township Tool. The following are the key issues and assessment criteriaLow Impact Material (Infrastructure) 1 creditLow Impact Material (Buildings or Structures) 1 creditRegional Material 1 credit reference in Construction 2 creditsConstruction Waste Management 1 creditSite Sedimentation and Pollution Control 1 creditSustainable Construction Practice 2 creditGBI Certified Building 6 credits2.4.6 Business InnovationTo meet the basic needs and requirements of communities by increas e the employment through applying several innovative ways. More employment opportunities will be provided especially for the residents who live in the township so that they can work closer to their homes and places for business to be shaped and prosper.This criterion holds a maximum of 10 points for the allocation of points in the Township Tool. The following are the key issues and assessment criteriaBusiness 3 creditsInnovation 6 creditsGBI Facilitator 1 credit2.5 Sustainability of Township DevelopmentMany people is concerning about whether is our current township development sustainable? Was our former(prenominal) township development sustainable? From the information I get, most of the past township development is not sustainable. So far, only some township development can be considered as sustainable after the launching of GBI Township Rating Tool on 29 March 2011. The most commonly to be known for sustainable townships are Putrajaya and Cyberjaya. Our past township development is to be said as not sustainable because the township development does not fulfil the criteria in the GBI Township Rating Tool. For instance, sustainable transportation is one of the criteria in GBI Township Rating Tool which should be fulfilled. Public transport should be easily available for the residents of the township. The road should also be designed to minimize the occurrence of traffic jam. However, most of the residents in the past townships are facing the same biggest problem, which is the transportation problem. They are unsatisfied with the provision of public transport such as buses. In addition, traffic jam occurs in most of the township.A sustainable township is also means a township or city which is free of pollution. However, air pollution and sound pollution are another problems that faced by the residents of the past township. The industrial area is located just some miles away to the residential area. This is also one of the factors which cause the traffic jam. Maximizing the energy efficiency by using sustainable equipment or sustainable energy such as solar energy is also another characteristic of sustainable township development. In the past township development, the maximization of energy efficiency is not achieved. Many of the residents still fully use electricity supplied by TNB.

Life without music

Life with step up musicWhat would emotional state be without music?The world would be a precise quiet place. euphony is in many ways the fabric of our lives and the commentary of society. It is a reminder of how things once were, an indication of how things are, and a view of where society is headed. medical specialty is a direct reflection of the picture of society. unison bottom be a way to deliver messages, a poetic medium, a fine art, or nothing more than a source of entertainment. No matter what it is used for, music is the perfect art and our lives would be that much less complete without it that life as we know it would not at all be the same without music. Music is the perfect art. It has movement, because it progresses over a set period of time. All musical works present a beginning and an end. However, music does not restrict the audience in the way that movies or graphic art does. The listener smoke create whatever image she or he wants to when listening to music . It is an art that appeals to the conscious mind, but the best music also appeals to the subconscious. No thought is ask to enjoy good music, though it is often thought-inspiring. Instrumental music does not bind the listener into a fixed template in the way that literary works and poetry do the reaction to music is different from person to person. Although it is probably the most tall(prenominal) to produce the desired imagery in slavish music, it can be done. Beethovens Opus 27, Number 2, Piano Sonata No. 14, First Movement gives the image of a tired old man opus by the light of the moon and his passion without using any words at all. Music with lyrics is often referred to as words set to music. This is not forever and a day the case. Sometimes it is more accurate to refer to music with lyrics as music set to words. This form both widens and restricts the composers artistic range. Lyrics make it easier for composers to bring out their main ideas without expressing them in n otesNnot all composers have the power of Beethoven However, they restrict the images of the musical work in the same way that prose and poetry limit their subject. Whether instrumental or lyrical, music comes from the mountain and can enlighten us all. It was during the 1960s that the social revolution and the struggles for civil rights inspired such musicians as Bob Dylan, Janis Joplin and Joan Baez to save songs of protest. In turn, the music of these artists, and many others, influenced the newfangleder generations and spread the word of the revolution. Without music, many teenagers of the time would not have been given the influence of the time or its associated mentality. Music was, and continues to be, a kind of social education to the younger generation. Teenagers turn to popular music for their philosophies and get a sense of their place in the world. In fact, cliques of young people are often defined by the music they listen to punks listen to punk rock and heavy metal n erds are reputed to listen to Graeco-Roman music the in crowd listens to the latest material alternative music has to offer the loners listen to obscure pop artists or classic rock. Youth coating would be much less vivid than it is if the world had no music. Generations would not be sparked to action without music. The war drums of primitive peoples were a kind of music. It was they that stirred the Cavemen and the Vikings to enter in decade-long wars. Musics social influence is ever-present. Our society is shaped by it. Not only is music the chisel of society it is a regular thread that runs through reputation. Music is everywhere the sound of falling water, the rustle of leaves underfoot, the call of wild birdsNeven the sound of rush-hour traffic is a kind of music. The common definition of music is a series of pitches and rhythms that have an overall coherence. This definition is limited to man-made music. Synthetic music is really just one kind of music. The sounds of natur e are all part of the greater Music of the universe. Man-made music is entirely influenced by the true music of nature. The pulse of the heart is the constant recondite drum. The sound of walking feet is the alternating snare drum. The rustle of leaves in the wind is the highest string section. A rivers flowing sound fills out the harmony. The Symphony of temper is the mother of mans own music. The absence of the greater Music cannot be considered. Music is the Universe. The idea of an absence of man-made music would be or so as inconceivable. For humans to create music is inevitable. It is as natural as thought. With mankind being surrounded by natures Music, he has no choice but to make music of his own. Therefore, the idea of a world without music is highly hypothetical. One would sooner consider a life without experiences or a year without days. A day in a world without music might proceed like this One would awaken to the sound of a radio announcer speaking about politics. O n the way to work, the radio show would consist of interviews with famous personalities. The work day would be terribly boring, since the office would not have any decorations (these would have been made by artists who had been influenced by music). That evening, the television commercials would have no jingles, only women promoting kitchen cleaners in white kitchens. The contestants of Jeopardy would pen down their questions for Final Jeopardy in complete silence, without the famous tune. The evening movie would be almost mute. It would seem to be like a inactive film, with no incidental or theme music to augment the otherwise bland actors. In the restaurant, the date would be boring and unenlightening. Neither he nor she would be able to come out with any remotely intelligent ideas without music in the background to keep the brain working. The nights dreams would not be scored with a happy tune or a slow nocturne. They would take place in silence, a drab, dark world of nothing. This world without music seems to have incoherences and cracks in it. It does not make sense and does not quite explain itself. Music is essential for the world to even make sense. It is as fundamentally inherent as gravity is in the universe. Any attempt to restrict or control music, such as is made in communist politics, is both delusive and unrealistic. One cannot challenge the broadloom of the universe when making political policies To think that the natural urge to create music in the image of the greater Music can be repressed is an exercise in na*vet. Music is societys mark. The history of human musicians is rich, and has many fine people lining its ranks. Music has changed the artistic and non-artistic world immeasurably, such that a world without music is nothing more than a terrifying fantasy. The very prospect is difficult to consider. A world without music would be a quiet place indeed.

The Life Insurance Need Analysis

The animateness policy policy Need AnalysisUnder this, the insured someone pays the premium regularly to restitution company, once a policy is taken, and in lieu of this, the insurer promises to pay a fixed sum of m hotshoty at the time of the finale of insured or on the expiry of a downstairstake period of time, whichever is earlier. The payment for manner insurance is certain but the event for which insurance is taken is non very certain.A Beneficiary house be a Person, Business, Trust, or Estate.The Owner of the policy is the Person or Organization who pays the premiums and has ownership right hands The right to name the beneficiaryThe right to receive dividends and to surrender the policy for cashThe right to dislodge ownershipThe right to assign a policy as collateral for a loan. goal is certain, but when it occurs is notLife insurance is of utmost importance for either idiosyncratics, businesses, communities, society and general public at large. If offers protect ion against loss of income and compensates the titleholders of the policy. It has early(a) brain functions besides making cash payment on death of a smell insured.Life is unpredictable. As the head of the family, everyone wants a secured feel for their family members. The nightmargons just about your familys fiscal protection keep haunting you.You motif life story Insurance because typically the need for income continues for those who be fiscally dependent on you, but there is no guarantee of your ability to earn consistently and for the rest of your life.Life insurance flush toilet help you safeguard the financial inescapably of your family.To replace income the family would need to hold back their normal of animated after(prenominal) the death of a w period earner.Life insurance insures your life and reduces any hardship your family whitethorn hire to bear in the unfortunate event of your death.Insurance can admit an emergency cash reserve.It can provide capital t o pay last expenses and operating capital during a familys readjustment period.to pay off a mortgage loan and other personal and business debts or to create a rent fund.To create a fund for childrens education.To create a family emergency fund or a fund for a family member with special needs.Life insurance proceeds consec appreciate a financial lump sum that can be used to cover a familys current and long-term operating expenses.It facilitates savings for old age to enjoy secured and peaceful life as the earning capacity of a person is reduced after retirement.It encourages hoi polloi to save money by making them oblige to pay premium regularly when a life policy is taken.It helps to mobilize savings of the public to channelize it for investment and thus promote economic discipline of the country.It (policy) can be used as a security to raise loans and thus improves credit worthiness of an individual or a business.It too has taxation benefits as under Income Tax Act, premium p aid is relinquished as a deduction from the total income.Exhibit 1 Life ExpectancyGraph of life expectancies from birth and from age 65 from 1900 to 2003.In order to estimate the amount of life insurance that is required an agent must be able to founder judgment with the client which termss would be faced by the survivors resulting from the premature death of the proposed life insured, and how over a good deal it would hail to maintain the same or similar standard of living. A fact-finding interview with the client ordain begin by establishing qualitative goals. Once quality of life has been planned then this figure can be assigned to meet those objectives. These figures be called quantitative goals.Qualitative Goals Qualitative goals are quality of life goals. They reveal modus vivendi choices that give up a impart bearing on expenses, risk tolerance, and investment choices. For ex profound a family chooses to vacation each year in England of a month has made a qualit ative decision.Quantitative Goals Quantitative goals are the dollar figures assigned to qualitative goals. For example, the family who vacations in England for a month needs Rs.22,000 to pay for their holiday.What Is Life Need Analysis ?It is the substantial amount that would be take to maintain the surviving pendents for the period they remain dependants.By considering all off quite a littleting resources and benefits, the aggregate need for insurance can be trimmed to the unmet need for insurance the gap to be filled in order to satisfy the established goals. This net estimate whitethorn be used as the basis for a specific sales proposal. The nature of the unmet needs susceptibility also suggest the amounts and combination of types of insurance to recommend, such as a specified amount of whole life or other form of level coverage and a specified amount of decreasing term coverage.There are three basic manners for measuring life insurance needs The charitable Life Value f eeler andThe Needs processionThe Capital Retention ApproachEach approach is a tool to help set up the amount of life insurance needed by an individual or family. Life insurance provides protection from the permanent loss of income that arises from premature death. The approaches are based on the principle that a life has economic range. This repute is called capitalized take account of life. Capitalized value may be represent by the sum earn as salary by an income-earner who dies during the prime of his or her life. Capitalized value may also be represented by the loss of income-in-kind such as the cost of having to provide day-care, then costs of day-care or nanny services will be a cost for the survivor to pay.The objective of insurance is to replace the capitalized value of the life insured with a sum of money that when invested at the interest range in mental picture at the time of need analysis will provide an annual income stream equivalent to the annual lost earnin g power of the life insured.This can be expressed as Annual Income Need prevailing Interest Rate = Lump tote up insurance requiredCapitalization of income determines the amount of insurance needed to replace that lost income. Capital retention determines the amount of insurance needed to pay capital costs of survivors by providing a lump sum-the interest earned on the lump sum provides the income.For example if like a shots interest rate is 4%, the capitalized value of a life insured who earns Rs. 60,000 annually is Rs. 60,000 / 4% i.e. Rs. 15,00,000. This dream ups Rs.15 lacs would adopt to be invested at 4% so that Rs. 60,000 could be used annually for expenses that would have been paid by the income earner.For the Financial Dependency of SurvivorsThe three phases of financial dependance and the costs that survivors will face during these phases are Readjustment/ Last ExpensesDependency/ Ongoing ExpensesSurvivor Life Income Needs/ Future Expenses(all explained later in this chapter)It provides ample information to establish the most effective compresseds for that potential loss. Considerations can be personal, topographic flower or the liability. Needs Analysis can help determine the right amount of life insurance that is appropriate for your needs. It explains the overall principals behind estimating the costs associated with the death or disablement of an income earner and the provision of ongoing corroboration for any dependants and/or the insured. Also outlines the factors to consider in the planning the amount of cover for short term disablement or illness. Again it explains how the value of property assets should be estimated for insurance purposes and develops a comprehensive and integrated set of insurance policy options for the particular clients needs and circumstances. These other assets will help in determine the amount and kind of insurance necessary to meet the applicants current and approaching needs. When estimating the potential c ontribution of Social Security benefits to survivors income, you should be aware of something known as the blackout period. This is the period of time after the youngest child is 16 years old and before the surviving spouse becomes eligible for retirement benefits. During this period, no benefits will be paid by Social Security to a surviving spouse.Offsetting benefits may reduce or even eliminate some of the items in the needs list. If existing medical insurance has a large lifetime benefit, any uninsured exposure related to a last illness may be limited to the deductibles and coinsurance, if any. Existing life insurance may substantially reduce a deem of needs. Group life insurance will not provide a retirement income, but it will reduce the need for insurance by a working elicit working with minor children in the family. An inexpert mortgage may already be fully insured by a credit life policy. Social Security and other available benefits might cut the remaining need for retir ement income considerably.How much Life Insurance/ Determining the Need for Life Insurance (A General Concept)Well, the answer isnt really how much life insurance you need actually your life insurance needs often depend on a number of factors, including whether youre married, the size of your family, the nature of your financial obligations, your career stage and your goals. Its how much investment capital your family will need at the time of your death. This excellent question is to which there are as numerous answers as there are people to ask. Every advisor, financial columnist and relative has a formula that they consider the best. There are a number of approaches you can use to figure out how much insurance you should have.This section is designed to present the various need analysis orders used, as well as the pros and cons of each rule. As these issues deal with how to value a life, it is indeed a very complex proposition. The method that makes the most sense to you is pro bably the one that may work the best for you. No method is perfect, as you are trying to hit a moving target. Life brings many changes and your needs will change with them. The more assumptions you make, the more complex you will make your planning and the more chances there are that something will not work as planned. This does not mean that you should besides use simplest methods it is to give you a concept of why it is important to actively participate in all of your planning, fully understand it, and unendingly admonisher it. After all, it is your money. Remarkably, the simplest formulas can often be the best. Another thought to keep in mind is that as your other assets grow, such as retirement plans and investments, your need for life insurance will decrease.What determines your life insurance need ?Methods of calculating life insurance needInsurance mistakesWhat determines your life insurance need ?Life Stages and CircumstancesWhen determining your life insurance need, you should first consider your life stage and circumstances. Marital status, number of dependents, size and nature of financial obligations, your career stage, and your intentions to pass on your property are all factors to consider. Your need for life insurance changes as the circumstances of your life change.Starting verbotenIn the Starting Out stage of life, you may be just beginning your career or family. You may not have children or other dependents at this stage, but that doesnt mean you have no obligations. For instances, if you paid for your college education with student loans, you likely had a cosignatory for your loan-may be your parents or a grandparent. The same may be real of your car loan. If you were to die before the loan is paid, your cosigner would be obligated to pay the debt. Under law, a cosigner is responsible for full payment of a debt in the event of default. Death doesnt erase the debt obligation.single AdultA growing percentage of the population now falls into the single mature demographic group. This group covers a broad spectrum of ages, lifestyles, and obligations.Family Obligations-ParentsAlthough you may not have a spouse, your death could have a serious financial impact on other family members. If, like many adults, you are take holding your parents (either financially or with care), your death could have a major impact, both emotionally and financially. They would not only resort the support you have been providing to them, but they would also need to come up with the money for your final expenses.Family Obligations-ChildrenIf you are a single parent, the primary financial support for your children would die with you. If you are lucky, you may have family members who would step in and help your children if you died. If you are even luckier, they will be able to provide your children with the education and lifestyle you had hoped for them to have. Your need for life insurance as a single parent is even greater than that of a dual-parent, dual-income household, which would hitherto have one income if one parent died. Life insurance is a cost-effective way to make sure that your children are protected financially should anything take on to you.Debt ObligationsIn this stage of life, you may still be paying for or even still accumulated education loans. You may have purchased a house or condo with a cosigner. If you died, your cosigner would be legally liable for the payments on the debt.Protect Your InsurabilityAnother reason to buy life insurance at this stage of your life is to protect your upcoming insurability. Once you buy a permanent, cash value life insurance policy, it remains in effect for your entire life (assuming the premiums are paid), even if your health changes. If you were to experience a serious change in health, you might not be able to buy additional insurance coverage, but you would still have the permanent coverage you already own.Dual-Income Couple or FamilyIf you and your spouse both earn an income, it is possible that if one of you died, the other may be able to address financially on the remaining income. If there are mortgages, joint credit cards or other debt, or children in the picture, the loss of one income could be much more difficult to overcome. The more people who depend on your income while you are alive, the more life insurance you should own. If you died today with insufficient or no insurance, your mate could be forced to give up the residence or lifestyle for which you have both worked. When there are children involved, the loss of one breadwinner could mean a setback in the daily way of life, not to mention any plans for private school or college.Parent of Grown Children upright because your children have grown up and left the nest doesnt mean you have no need for life insurance. you may have spent your entire adult life building an solid ground of the realm that you intend to pass on to your children, grandchildren, or favorite charity. You can use life insurance to ensure that the bulk of your demesne passes to your heirs or designated charitable organization subject to certain tax advantages.Part of Overall Financial PlanningDetermining your life insurance needs should not be done in isolation. Instead, it should be looked at as part of your overall financial plan, with consideration given to your goals for savings and retirement, as well as tax and estate planning. As your life changes, your financial goals may change, as well as your need for life insurance, making it important to also sporadically review your coverage.Methods of Calculating Life Insurance NeedSeveral methods are used to calculate the appropriate level of insurance for you and your situation. While they all parting common features, some methods strive to be more simplistic, while others involve more sophisticated calculations. You may want to determine an amount on your own, utilize one of the simpler methods. This can provide a basis for your discussions with your financial planner.Insurable InterestBefore you begin calculating your insurance needs, it is important to determine insured interest. Basically, having an insurable interest in a persons life means that you would suffer emotional or financial harm or loss if that person were to die. It is everlastingly fictional that you have an insurable interest in your own life. However, to prove an insurable interest in someone elses life, you must have a kind to that person based on blood, marriage, or monetary interest. You must have an insurable interest before you can purchase an insurance policy.Family Needs ApproachThe family needs approach is one of the more comprehensive methods of calculating your life insurance needs. It assumes that the purpose of life insurance is to cover the needs of the surviving family members. This method takes into account the immediate and ongoing needs of the surviving family members, as well as income from other sources and the value of assets that could be used to help defray the familys expenses (such as bank accounts and real estate).Capital Retention ApproachThe capital retention approach is one of two calculation methods under the family needs approach. This approach assumes that life insurance principal will support the family indefinitely into the future. Because you will purchase more life insurance under this method, you will be in a better position if the surviving spouse lives longer than expected.Capital Liquidation ApproachThe capital liquidation approach is the second of two calculation methods under the family needs approach. This method does not provide as much continuing capital for the surviving spouse or for heirs after the death of the surviving spouse. However, it does allow you to spend less money by purchasing a lesser amount of life insurance coverage.Estate Preservation and Liquidity NeedsThe estate preservation and liquidity needs approach attempts to determine the amount of insu rance needed at death for items such as taxes, expenses, fees, and debts while preserving the value of the estate. This method considers all the variables of family lifestyle and the total cash needed to maintain the current value of the estate while providing adequate cash needed to cover estate expenses and taxes.Income Replacement ApproachThe income replacement calculation is based on the theory that the purpose of insurance is to replace the loss of your paycheck when you die. This analysis determines an economic or kind life value and factors in salary increases and the effects of inflation in determining the appropriate level of coverage. While more comprehensive than the rules of thumb, this method still works to consider special circumstances or financial needs and operates on the premise that the current level of income provides a satisfactory standard of living that will remain level throughout the future.Rules of ThumbThe rules of thumb are extremely basic calculations. They provide a starting point but fail to recognize special family circumstances or needs and focus only on the most basic components.One rule of thumb dictates that multiplying your salary by a certain number will provide an adequate level of insurance, while another calculates need based on normal living expenses.Insurance MistakesNo InsuranceThe worst mistake you could make concerning life insurance is having a need and not having any insurance at all. Very often, people can find all sorts of excuses for not buying life insurance. Its no fun to plan for your death, for one thing. For another, theres the tendency to think that dying wont happen to you, only to some person you read about in the obituaries. But how many times have you heard about a young, apparently healthy person dying suddenly in a car accident, leaving behind a spouse, a young child, and no insurance? Sadly, it happens, and when it does, the family faces not only emotional trauma but possibly an extremely diffic ult financial situation, as well.Not adequate InsuranceThe majority of people with insurance are underinsured. Insufficient coverage can occur as a result of buying what is affordable instead of what is needed. Failure to review your coverage periodically could also result in insufficient insurance, even if you started out with adequate levels. Inflation rates, your career, and your lifestyle may have changed. Your family could be faced with a large financial gap and left unable to maintain the current lifestyle if you died today. Consequences could include loss of the family home, scaling back of college plans, and possibly years of financial difficulty.Too some(prenominal) InsuranceIf you purchased a large policy during one point in your life and then didnt adjust your coverage when your insurance need was reduced, it is possible that you have too much life insurance. this is another good reason to periodically review your coverage with your financial planning professional. Peri odic reviews of your insurance coverage can reveal opportunities to change your levels of coverage to match your current and projected needs.Nowreview your coverageTrying to figure out how much life insurance is enough isnt always easy, and that amount will likely change with your changing circumstances. By examining your familys anticipated expenses during various periods after your death, you get a more virtual(prenominal) estimate of your life insurance needs. Unfortunately, many people underestimate their insurance needs and are under-insured. Often, the purchase of life insurance is based on cost instead of whats needed. By the same token, its possible to have more insurance than you need. You may have purchased a large policy during a particular point in your life, and then didnt adjust your coverage when your insurance need was reduced. Both of these circumstances are reasons to review your insurance coverage periodically with your financial professional. Doing so can reveal opportunities to change your levels of coverage to match your current and projected life insurance needs.Determining the Need for Life Insurance/ How Much is Enough? (A General Concept)HUMAN LIFE APPROACHThe present value of the familys share of the deceased breadwinners future earnings.The human life value concept deals with human capital. homosexual capital is persons income potential. The gay Life Value approach uses mathematical computation to determine how much life insurance is needed by valuing a human life. The benevolent Life Value approach considers the human being to be an income-producing machine. It is a device that mathematically converts your output into an amount of cash, your expected income until retirement. It determines the value today of cash that is flowing out in the future. This method focuses on an individuals future stream of income. It considers such things as annual salary and expenses, years remaining until retirement, and the future value of current rupees and translates this into an amount of insurance needed to replace the income stream in the event of premature death.What is your Human Life Value ?Beyond all doubt, your life is invaluable. Yet, there is a certain worth that can be attributed to the financial support you offer your parents, spouse or children. This worth is referred to as Human Life Value (HLV). In the future, if your family does not have the protective blanket of your presence, they will no longer be able to enjoy the benefits of the income you earned. Put simply, Human Life Value is the present value of your future earnings.Why should you calculate your Human Life Value ?You should calculate your Human Life Value so you can accordingly invest in insurance plans that provide your family with adequate finances and hence security even in your absence. The human life value concept goes beyond numbers and considers the entire impact caused by the loss of a human life and the value to a persons loved ones.How mu ch are your tomorrows worth?What is your Potential Earning Power (PEP)HLV of any person can be measured by capitalized value of that part of his income or income earning capacity devoted or meant for dependants arising out of economic forces incorporated within his being, like character, health education, training, experience and ambition. For better understanding let us see some illustrations.IllustrationMr. X - Age-40 yrs, Retirement age-60 yrs, Current salary-3,00,000 per annum (expected to remain same), Personal expenses-1,25,000, Net contribution to family-1,75,000 (300000 125000). Suppose he dies at the age of 40. Income lost by the family-175000 * 20 yrs (60 40) * discount rate for 20 yrs (Present value factor) 19,00,000.IllustrationMr. Y - Age-30 yrs, Age of spouse-27 yrs, Life expectancy of spouse-70 yrs, Age of child-3 yrs, Childs share of monthly household expenditure-10 %, Child will remain dependant till-22 yrs, Monthly household expenditure Rs. 40,000, Out of this, a mount spent on Mr. Y Rs. 10,000. Expected inflation in household expenditure 5 %, money to be set aside for childs education (in present value terms) Rs. 10,00,000. Money to be set aside for childs marriage/ other needs (in present value terms) Rs. 7,50,000. Outstanding loans Rs. 15,00,000. Other liabilities Rs. 5,00,000. Medical expenditure/ emergency fund Rs. 5,00,000. Rate of return on low risk securities/ deposits 8 %. Hence, HLV will be Rs. 1,66,45,475. If the rate of return on low risk securities/ deposits is 7 %, Revised HLV will be Rs 1,81,83,996.How do you determine your Human Life Value ?This approach is about determining how much insurance is needed and is based simply on how much income the proposed insured earns. All individuals who have financial dependants need life insurance. Factors to be taken into consideration while calculating HLV are age, current and future expenses and current and future income.The formula isAnnual Income / Interest Rate = Lump Sum (The Human Life Value).IllustrationIf the annual income of the primary wage-earner is Rs.30,000, the total amount of insurance needed would be (assuming a nominal rate of interest of 8% and a long-term inflation rate of 3%, the real rate of interest is 5%)Rs. 30,000 .05 = Rs.600,000 (human life value = amount of insurance required)If Rs.600,000 is invested at 5%, the return will be Rs.30,000 annually. Thus, the family of the insured has, in economic terms, would replace the income-earning value of the life lost through a policy with a Rs.600,000 death benefit.IllustrationAn insured makes Rs.42,000 a year and the current interest rate is 3.4%. She has a generous policy plus disability benefits that pay 70% of her salary. How much life insurance does she need based on capitalization of income?A. Rs. 1428B. Rs. 12352.94C. Rs. 1,42,800D. Rs.1,235,294.10There are different school of thoughts and approaches for purchasing and calculating the needs of life insurances, which aver as under One should purchase insurance worth 5 to 10 times the current annual income. This is an old thumb rule that does not take into consideration current assets and any special needs the customer or their family may have. Thus,When ones annual income is known, the insurance need is calculated simply as annual income multiplied by the number of years to service left.Ones yearly outgo towards Insurance premium should be 10% of ones annual Income. Thus,Life insurance need is, the financial need analysis approach. This is an approach which can take care of specific needs of an individual. Here, the basic objective is that the insurance coverage should be sufficient to provide for the dependants needs in case the breadwinner dies early.Steps for Calculating Human Life Value ApproachIn the human life value approach, the first step is to find the amount of annual income that is surplus to the individual. The surplus is the amount above what the insured would consume himself which provides the overall stan dard of living for the individual and the family. The surplus includes amounts spent on education for children, automobiles, vacations, clothing, and food for everyone in the family except him. The items to include in costs of self-maintenance are any money spent on his portion of housing, his clothing, food, the portion of his salary that goes for FICA, federal, state, and local taxes, and all other expenses to maintain the insured as a productive asset. The next part of the human life value approach involves plugging the given information into the mathematical model and calculating the answer. To determine the surplus, subtract the self-maintenance expenses from the average income.Exhibit 2 Steps for Calculating Human Life Value ApproachWeaknesses of the Human Life Value ApproachOther sources of income are ignored, (e.g., business earnings), it is calculated by using a constant income stream over the life of the insured since it is difficult to know what increase in income is pro bable.It ignores the number of years that income (mentioned above) will be required a person aged 25 and a person aged 65 would appear to require the same amount of coverage.In its simplest form, work earnings and expenses are assumed to be constant and employee benefits are ignored.The amount of money allocated to the family can quickly change because of divorce, birth of child, or death of a family member.The effects of inflation on earnings and expenses are ignored.Points to Ponder One, HLV is a moving target and to make it meaningful, you must review it once a year. Rather than chasing the revised HLV year after year, the aim should be to get the broad trend right with the expectation that in the long-term, the actual and estimate will converge.Two, do not get overawe by the HLV numbers thrown up. The number is just a starting point and must be put into the context of your present ability to set aside money.Three, remain disciplined in the sense that at any point in time you sho uld have planned in such a manner that in your absence, your family will not need to compromise on their yet-to-be fulfilled needs.NEEDS APPROACHIt is a method of calculating how much life insurance is required by an individual/ family to meet their needs (expenses) if the family head dies.These include things like funeral expenses, legal fees, estate and gift taxes, business buyout costs, probate fees, medical deductibles, emergency funds, mortgage expenses, rent, debt and loans, college, child care, private schooling and maintenance costs. This approach contrasts the human-life approach.The needs approach is a function of two variablesHow much will be needed at death to meet obligations ?How much future income is needed to sustain the household ?When calculating your expenses, it is best to overestimate your needs a little. By doing this you will be buying and paying for a little more insurance than you need, but if you underestimate, you wont rea

Joseph Stalin Essay -- essays research papers

Joseph Stalin was a Georgian Marxist revolutionary leader and later dictator of the USSR. He was born in Gori, Georgia. He studied at Tiflis Orthodox where he was expel lead from in 1899. After joining a Georgian Social Democratic organization in 1898, he became active in a revolutionary underground, and he was twice sent to Siberia. As a leading Bolshevik he played an active role in the October Revolution. In 1922, he became general secretary of the Party Central Committee, a position that he held until the day of his death. Stalin also occupied other key positions, which enabled him to build up enormous personal power in the government. This is a key point in Stalins life where he was enormously confident about himself which led him to do things that were no acceptable in todays standard life. After the death of Vladimir I. Lenin in 1924 Stalin became leader of the Soviet Union where he do many changes to agriculture and industry. He believed that the Soviet Union was one hundred years behind the West and that they had to catch up as quickly as possible. This is where the idea of his "Five Year Plan," came about. The five-year plan basically got the people involved and motivated them into a modern life. From the 5-year plan, 25 million farms were produced which were only big complete to feed the families that were harvesting them. The more successful peasants were called the Kulaks. Along with the five-year plan, Stalin launched a campaign for the &q...

Adderall: Is Medication the Answer? Essay -- Essays Papers

Adderall Is Medication the Answer?When growing up, nothing is more frustrating thusly giving your best effort in your indoctrinate work and continuously being unsuccessful. The effect it can have on a minor is very damaging. Students may feel inadequate and non-intelligent in the schoolroom setting growing up, not to mention, being confused all at the same time about why school is such an ongoing encounter for them. Why are these children trying so hard and never having any success? It is more and more common today more than ever we observe children having these problems inside and outside of contourrooms all over the world. Attention Deficit Disorder ( transmit) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) can become very problematic in a childs life, especially when it is unknown that they have the disorder. In fact, ADHD is the most common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood (Power, et al). It can affect a childs ability to learn immensely. In fact, these children may be perceived as someone they wish not to be by others the class clown, or one who just does not care about school when this is the farthest thing from the truth. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, common symptoms of ADD are inability to sustain attention and concentration, and to be easily distracted and impulsive. All of these effects are seen also with ADHD in addition to tall levels of activity and inability to control these inappropriate levels of activity. When a child is struggling with symptoms of either ADD or ADHD it would be easy to understand the problems the child faces in the classroom. Luckily there are prescription stimulant medications out there that can help aid these problems, calm the symptoms, and allow the easily-distracted chil... ...niable. Those who are slanting against the use of medication need to re-evaluate the facts. There is no solid proof that danger exists with these medications that are so commonly used in millions of young pecks lives. It easy to see why parents would be skeptical when considering the medication for their child however, when there is proof that this medication is actually causing harm then there might be some reason to believe that it should not be used. Medications such as Adderall are essential in the lives of those affected by attention disorders. For the millions diagnosed with ADD/ADHD there are possibilities of much success once stabilized on medication. School should be something that is enjoyable not an endless, frustrating battle. With the help of medication those affected by ADD/ADHD now have possibilities of success that would never have existed before.